When the Anatolian Seljuk state became a tribute-paying dependency of the Ilkhanids after the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, the political map of Anatolia began to come apart slowly. Sultans continued to sit on the throne, but the Turkmen tribes living in the frontier zones attached themselves to local beys who protected and fed them. The beyliks of every size that emerged between the end of the thirteenth century and the first quarter of the fourteenth deepened the Turkification and settlement of Anatolia region by region. In this new order Amasya was neither the capital of a great dynasty nor part of a single beylik. To its northwest, at Kastamonu, stood the Çobanids; to its north, at Sinop, the Pervâneoğulları; to its east and northeast lay the small domains known as the Canik beyliks, each belonging to a different family. The city itself was part of this mosaic, since a dynasty known as the Kutluşahs ruled in Amasya.

The Çobanids

Foundation and Hüsameddin Çoban

The founder of the Çobanid beylik around Kastamonu was Emir Hüsâmeddin Çoban, the Seljuk frontier bey of Kastamonu. According to the entry in the TDV Encyclopaedia of Islam, Çoban belonged to the Kayı branch of the Oghuz and is said to have descended from Kara Tegin, one of the emirs of Süleyman, son of Kutalmış, the conqueror of Anatolia. Contemporary sources describe him as honest, brave, generous and constantly engaged in holy war. The date of the beylik's foundation is not known with certainty and its existence can be traced back to the end of the twelfth century. That Çoban was bey of Kastamonu in 1211-12 is certain. When Alâeddin Keykubad I came to the throne in 1219-20, Çoban went to Konya, declared his allegiance and had his charter for the Kastamonu beylik renewed.

Çoban's fame rests on his Crimean campaign. When the Mongols reached as far as Crimea and occupied Sudak, an important trading center, Alâeddin Keykubad charged him with the task. Çoban made a successful landing on the Crimean coast, recovered Sudak and secured the submission of the Kipchak khan and the Russian princes. The emir stayed in the city for a time, built a mosque there and appointed a judge, imams and muezzins. At the sultan's command he returned to Kastamonu in 1224. The Kastamonu frontier beylik had thus not remained merely a border post looking toward inner Anatolia; it had reached the strength to mount an expedition across the Black Sea.

Under Mongol Rule

The date of Çoban's death is unknown. His son Alp Yürek succeeded him, and in his time, as the Anatolian Seljuks fell under Mongol rule, the beylik too became subject to its new masters. Having lost its economic as well as its political independence, the Çobanid house came under Alp Yürek's son Muzafferüddin Yavlak Arslan around 1280. The Saltukname records that he waged relentless holy war against the unbelievers in the Kastamonu region. Yavlak Arslan's rule coincides with the reigns of Gıyâseddin Keyhusrev III (1266-1284) and Mesud II (1284-1296, 1302-1310). Compared with other parts of Anatolia, conditions in Kastamonu were relatively calm in his time. Even so, Yavlak Arslan took an active part in the succession struggles of the Seljuk house; he first submitted to Mesud II (1284) and later turned against him.

After the death of the Ilkhanid ruler Arghun Khan in 1291, the struggle for the throne among the Mongols stirred the Çobanids, like the other Turkmen communities of Anatolia. Yavlak Arslan died amid these disturbances and his son Mahmud, who succeeded him, became the last emir of the beylik. In Mahmud's time raids were made on Byzantine territory and some places west of the Sakarya were taken. Mahmud, who seems at that time to have been more influential than Osman Bey, was defeated in 1309 by Süleyman of the Candarids, and the Çobanid beylik came to an end. The new master of Kastamonu was the Candarids, who would later take Sinop into their own lands and become one of the longest-lived beyliks of this part of the Black Sea.

Learning and Building in Kastamonu

For nearly a century the Çobanids held Kastamonu and its surroundings, and despite the brevity of their political life they produced an intense scholarly and literary life in the region. The interest of the emirs, above all Hüsâmeddin Çoban, in culture and building drew many scholars and artists from Central Asia, Iran and Iraq to Kastamonu. These people dedicated works to the beys. The emir to whom most books were dedicated was Yavlak Arslan. Kutbüddîn-i Şîrâzî, who had long served in Anatolia as a teacher and chief judge and was famous in astronomy, physics, philosophy and geography, came to Kastamonu and presented to him his astronomical work İḫtiyârât-ı Muẓafferî. Muhammad b. Mahmûd wrote the Persian Fusṭâṭü'l-ʿadâle fî ḳavâʿidi's-salṭana, and Hoylu Hasan b. Abdülmü'min the chancery manual Nüzhetü'l-küttâb, again in Yavlak Arslan's name. The same author also wrote a chancery manual, Ḳavâʿidü'r-resâʾil, for Emir Mahmud.

Among the buildings that survive, the most important is the Muzafferüddin Yavlak Arslan Madrasa at Taşköprü. This madrasa remained a center of learning in the Ottoman period as well. The Atabey Gazi Mosque at Kastamonu, with its inscription dated 1273, is another structure of the Çobanid age. These facts show that the age of the beyliks cannot be told through wars alone. Each of the small courts around was a center trying to attract teachers, authors and builders, and the intellectual life of Amasya also took shape within this network.

The name Çobanid is also confused with another dynasty. The dynasty descended from Emir Çoban Noyan Suldus, which held Azerbaijan from Tabriz between 1317 and 1355 in the years of the Ilkhanid dissolution, bears the same name. Timurtaş, who served as governor of Anatolia, was a son of that dynasty's founder. The beylik discussed here is the one founded by the Seljuk frontier beys at Kastamonu, and the sources available to us give no sign that the two families were connected.

The Pervâneoğulları

Muînüddin Süleyman Pervâne

The name of the Pervâneoğulları beylik, founded at Sinop, comes from the title of pervâne held by Muînüddin Süleyman, one of the powerful viziers of the Anatolian Seljuk state. Süleyman was the son of Mühezzebüddin Ali ed-Deylemî, vizier of Gıyâseddin Keyhusrev II. When his father went to Mugan in 1243 to make peace with the Mongols, he took Süleyman and his brothers along. In the sources Muînüddin appears first as emir of Tokat, then is appointed to the military governorship of Erzincan, and serves as chamberlain (emîr-i hâcib) under Izzeddin Keykâvus II. After Keykâvus was defeated by the Mongols at the Battle of Sultanhanı in 1256 and Kılıcarslan IV was raised to the throne, Muînüddin Süleyman was given the post of pervâne and soon became the person who actually ran the state. Although Kılıcarslan sat on the throne, the real ruler of the country was Pervâne.

The capture of Sinop is remembered together with his name. The city had fallen into the hands of the Komnenoi of Trebizond. When Kılıcarslan and Pervâne went in 1265 to congratulate Abaka Khan on his accession to the Ilkhanid throne, they said they wished to free Sinop from the Greeks and obtained permission. On the way back Pervâne marched on Sinop with troops gathered from the regions of Tokat, Niksar and Samsun, took the city after a fierce siege and reopened for worship the mosques that had been turned into churches (1266). The conquest was announced by victory letters to all the lands of Islam and to Abaka Khan. Strengthened by this success, Pervâne asked Kılıcarslan to grant Sinop to him as a possession, and the sultan had to submit to a vizier who carried Abaka's backing. The deed of grant was written by the historian Ibn Bibi. Soon afterward Kılıcarslan was killed through Pervâne's scheming and the child Gıyâseddin Keyhusrev III was put in his place. Pervâne also married his daughter to the new sultan.

Süleyman Pervâne's end was the price of the double policy he pursued. While accusing the statesmen he saw as rivals of collaborating with the Mamluk sultan Baybars, he himself secretly wrote to Baybars once he realized he was beginning to lose Abaka's trust. In 1277 Baybars entered Anatolia and defeated the Mongol army at Elbistan (15 April 1277). The Seljuk troops under Pervâne's command did not take serious part in the battle; some changed sides, some surrendered. Among them were Pervâne's son and grandson. When Baybars withdrew to Syria, Abaka Khan came, and finding not a single Seljuk corpse among the Mongol dead on the battlefield he grew angry and accused Pervâne of an understanding with the Mamluk sultan. Pervâne was executed with his relatives on 2 August 1277. The reaction of the Ilkhanid statesman Shams al-Din Juwayni is reported to have been "Süleyman is gone, the devils are free." The same Pervâne was a close friend and disciple of Rumi, who presented Fihi Ma Fih to him. He is also recorded as having built a hospice for Fahreddîn-i Irâkî, a bath and a hospital in Tokat, a madrasa in Kayseri and a mosque at Merzifon. The Merzifon building is one of the earliest ties between the Amasya region and the Pervâne family.

The Rulers of the Beylik

When Pervâne was killed, his son Muînüddin Mehmed, whom he had left in his place, was at Sinop. After his father's death Mehmed declared independence and founded the beylik (1277). He tried to get on well with the Ilkhanids and was himself granted the office of pervâne. When he moved toward Kastamonu during the disturbances in Anatolia, his father's old men joined him. In this period he is said to have plundered and levied heavy taxes around Çankırı and Konya, and to have punished Müstevfi Asilüddin and the chancellor Muzafferüddin, who had advised him in Konya. Mehmed also protected men of learning. Fahreddîn-i Irâkî, one of the great Sufis of the age, probably left his lodge at Tokat at his invitation, came to Sinop and went to Egypt as his envoy. Müeyyidüddîn Cendî also spent his last years in Sinop and presented a work to Mehmed. Mehmed died at Konya in 1296 or 1297. He was succeeded by his brother's son Mühezzebüddin Mesud; some sources make Mesud his son.

Mesud Bey drew close to the Ilkhanids, took as his son-in-law Mücirüddin Emirşah, one of their administrators, and expanded the borders of the beylik by taking Bafra and Samsun. He fell into a trap set by the Genoese, was taken to the Genoese colony of Caffa and was freed in 1298 for a ransom of 900,000 dirhams. He died at Sinop in 1300. His son Gazi Çelebi, who followed him, is the most distinctive ruler of the beylik. He gave importance to the navy; he first came to terms with the Greek emperor of Trebizond, then with his naval forces campaigned toward Crimea and Caffa and defeated the Genoese fleet near Caffa. In 1319 he moved against Trebizond, and in 1322 he repelled a Genoese attack on Sinop. In the same year he died when he struck a tree during a hunt. Ibn Battuta describes him as brave and a great warrior. Over a reign of some twenty-two years he succeeded in cowing the Greeks and Genoese on the eastern and northern shores of the Black Sea; he avoided land wars so as not to draw the enmity of the Ilkhanids.

Some sources write that Gazi Çelebi held a wide country and even ruled half of Anatolia under a patent granted by the Ilkhanid ruler. The TDV Encyclopaedia of Islam entry on the Pervâneoğulları states that his authority remained limited to Sinop and its surroundings. The same entry notes that the tradition making Gazi Çelebi a son of the Seljuk sultan Mesud II is not correct. Since he had no male child, his daughter succeeded him, but Süleyman Pasha of the Candarids at Kastamonu, thinking that the emperor of Trebizond might take the city amid the confusion in Sinop, annexed Sinop to his own country. The Pervâneoğulları thus ended in 1322. That Sinop was once called "Hatun-ili" (the land of the lady) probably comes from the city having been ruled briefly by Gazi Çelebi's daughter.

Surviving Works at Sinop

The most important work of the Pervâneoğulları period to survive at Sinop is the Great Mosque that Süleyman Pervâne had built in 1267-68. The cut-stone madrasa behind the mosque is wrongly known as the Alâeddin Madrasa; on its south front it has a courtyard with marble columns and sixteen cells on its two sides. The tomb of Gazi Çelebi lies in the small garden to the right of this madrasa built by his great-grandfather Pervâne. The tomb on Boztepe built in 1297 by his son in the name of Emin Tayboğa, wrongly attributed to Seyyid Bilal, also survives from the same period. Pervâne also restored the Alâeddin Mosque at Sinop, which had been completely destroyed during the occupation by the Komnenoi of Trebizond (1261).

The Canik Beyliks

The Political Structure of the Region

The Canik beyliks is the name given to the second-period Anatolian beyliks that dominated part of the central and eastern Black Sea in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Made up of the beyliks of the Taceddinoğulları, Bafra, Kubadoğulları, Taşanoğulları, Kutluşahs and Hacıemiroğulları, this group is not the country of a single dynasty with fixed borders. They are small domains, each governed by a different family, whose borders still cannot be fully determined. Although at times partly or wholly independent, they mostly lived subject to the Eretnids, the state of Kadı Burhaneddin and finally the Ottoman state. Since Amasya in the Eretna and Kadı Burhaneddin period is treated in a separate article, they are mentioned here only within this frame.

The map of the region was as follows. The Taceddinoğulları had settled in the Yeşilırmak delta, and to their east stood the Hacıemiroğulları, the strongest of the Canik beyliks. To the west of the Taceddinoğulları, at Ladik and Kavak, ruled the Kubadoğulları; to their south the Kutluşahs, centered on Amasya; and at Havza and Vezirköprü the Taşanoğulları. With the Mongol withdrawal from Anatolia, the Turkmens here began raiding the Empire of Trebizond. According to Greek sources, from the beginning of the fourteenth century some 500 kilometers of the eastern Black Sea passed into Turkmen hands; Hamsiköy, Torul, Gümüşhane and Kovanlı became the frontier between them and the Greeks. Turkmen density grew so great that the Greeks, unable to withstand the pressure, abandoned their rural lands around Trebizond and withdrew to the city. At a time when the Empire of Trebizond is said to have had no more than ten thousand soldiers, the Canik beyliks together are said to have had some twenty to twenty-five thousand.

The Taceddinoğulları and the Hacıemiroğulları

The Taceddinoğulları and the Hacıemiroğulları go back to the Çepni Turkmens, and their origins are tied to the Danishmendids, who played a major part in the Turkification of the central Black Sea. Centered on Niksar and Orduköy (Çarşamba), the Taceddinoğulları ruled a wide region extending from Bafra to the Kelkit basin and south to Niksar. The beylik remained subject to the Ilkhanids until 1335, then to the Eretnids and Kadı Burhaneddin; it is said to have covered about 12,000 square kilometers. The list of rulers names Tâcüddîn Doğan Şah (1308-1346), Tâcüddîn Bey (1346-1387), Mahmud Çelebi (1387-1423) and Hüsâmüddîn Hasan Bey (1423-1425). In 1379 they fought the Empire of Trebizond and took the area around the mouth of the Yeşilırmak; a record of 1386 gives them twelve thousand soldiers, which corresponds to a population above sixty thousand. The sources do not agree on their end. Some records give 1415, others 1425, another 1427-28.

The Hacıemiroğulları are also known as the Bayramlu beylik. Their center was Mesudiye and was later moved to Eskipazar within the borders of Ordu. The list of rulers includes Hacı Bayram Bey (1313-1331), his son Hacı Emir Bey (1331-1361) and Süleyman Bey (1386-1392). The beylik took Fatsa and Ünye in 1347 and Giresun in 1396. The Spanish ambassador Clavijo, who came to the region about seven years later, reports that the Hacıemiroğulları had ten thousand soldiers and had extended their lands as far as Tirebolu. There were also tensions between the Taceddinoğulları and the Hacıemiroğulları. According to the account, Hacı Emir fell ill and left his place to his son Süleyman, then wanted it back when he recovered. When father and son fell out, Taceddin Bey tried to take advantage and attacked; Süleyman asked Kadı Burhaneddin for help, and Kadı sent the Shaykh al-Islam Şeyh Yar Ali, the head of the learned class, to Taceddin Bey to warn him. Süleyman Bey, son of Hacı Emir, accepted Ottoman authority in 1398 when Yıldırım Bayezid came to Samsun; the administration stayed in the family. After the defeat at Ankara in 1402 the Hacıemiroğulları became independent again and were definitively joined to the Ottomans only in 1427. Their lands were divided into districts, a survey was made and the timar system began to be applied.

The Kubadoğulları

The Kubadoğulları emirate, founded around Samsun, Ladik and Kavak, often clashed with the Ottoman state over control of Samsun. Its founder Tâceddin Altunbaş, according to one account, ruled in Amasya between 1308 and 1318 as a sultan subject to the Ilkhanids and was a son of the Anatolian Seljuk sultan Mesud II. A gravestone in the village of Şeysafi in Samsun gives the date of death as 1357, and Altunbaş's death is dated on that basis. He was followed by his son Keykubad and then by Ali Bey. Ali Bey became a vassal by submitting to the emir of Amasya, Hacı Şadgeldi, and to his successor Emir Ahmed. Altunbaş's atabeg Emiroğlu Taşan founded a separate beylik around Havza, Merzifon and Vezirköprü.

The struggle between the Ottomans and the Kubadoğulları can be followed through the changing hands of Samsun. Samsun, taken from the Candarids in 1395, passed briefly to the Ottomans and was then taken by the Kubadoğulları. In 1398 Bayezid I marched on the Kubadoğulları and appointed İskender, son of the Bulgarian tsar, as governor of Samsun. After the battle of Ankara the Kubadoğulları regained Samsun. Kubadoğlu Ali Bey, who did not recognize Mehmed Çelebi, proclaimed sultan around Amasya by Timur's appointment, marched against the Taceddinoğulları, defeated them and besieged their capital Niksar. Mehmed Çelebi came from Amasya, routed Ali Bey and appointed Taşanoğlu Ahmed Bey governor of Samsun.

Ali Bey's son Cüneyd Bey besieged and took Samsun, which the Taşanoğulları had governed until 1414, and was then left in place as governor when he begged the Ottoman sultan's pardon. Ibn Arabshah calls him "ruler of the emirate of Canik," and Cüneyd accepted the allegiance of Mehmed I in 1419. His end was bloody. Hızır Bey, son of Kötürüm Bayezid, the emir of Kastamonu, allied with the Taceddinoğlu Hasan Bey, had him killed and occupied Samsun. When Mehmed I took the throne he charged Biçeroğlu Hamza Bey with bringing the region fully under the state. When Murad, son of Çelebi Mehmed and governor of Amasya, came to the throne as Murad II in 1421, the Turkmens took advantage of the succession struggle and attacked Tokat, Amasya, Artova and Sinop. Cüneyd's son, the Canik emir Hüseyin Bey, also took Samsun in 1422. When the Turkmen leaders summoned to Amasya by Lala Yörgüç Pasha were put to the sword there, Hüseyin Bey went in person to Amasya and surrendered. After this event the line of the Kubadoğulları never again held power in Samsun.

The Taşanoğulları

The Taşanoğulları, who held Havza, Vezirköprü and Merzifon, were founded by Taşan Bey. Taşan is said to have played an important part in the capture of Trebizond. Having emerged in the region when Timurtaş left the political scene, Taşan was subject to the Eretnids and after 1366 settled on the mountain that would later take his name, Taşan Dağı, and began his activities. With Merzifon as the center, his sons Bali Ahmed, Ali, Hasan and Şahin Beys continued the rule. The history of the beylik is given in the sources with dates that do not agree. The table of the Canik beyliks gives its foundation as 1350 and its fall as 1398, while another record for the same region gives its joining the Ottomans as 1430. An account of Merzifon's history says the Taşanoğulları joined the Ottomans voluntarily when Yıldırım Bayezid took Amasya in 1393. Which of these dates is correct cannot be established with certainty from the available sources.

The Kutluşahs

Among the Canik beyliks the one that concerns Amasya directly is the Kutluşah beylik, also called the Şadgeldis or the Amasya Beys. Founded in Amasya in 1340, the beylik also ruled Tokat for a time. Its founder Hacı Kutluşah Bey is described as the slave and adopted son of Tâceddin Altunbaş of the Anatolian Seljuks. The sources diverge on Kutluşah's origin. Hüseyin Hüsameddin reports that in the Câmiü'd-düvel of Müneccimbaşı Ahmed Efendi (d. 1702) his name appears as el-Hâcc Kutlu Şâh bin Kürt and "Kutlu Şâh el-Kürdî", and that he was considered originally Kurdish or Mongol. Salah al-Din al-Safadi, who lived at the same time, calls him a Mongol emir in A'yân al-Asr with the epithet "el-Vaşakî". Hüseyin Hüsameddin holds that he was originally a Turk of the Buşaklu clan.

Kutluşah died in 1361 and was succeeded by his son Hacı Şadgeldi Bey (1361-1381). Şadgeldi remained subject to the Eretnid state, formed political ties with neighboring beyliks and married a daughter of Celâleddin Bayezid (Kötürüm Bayezid) of the Candarids. He led the beys who made war on Kadı Burhaneddin when the latter proclaimed his sovereignty in 1381, but was defeated and killed in the first clash. His son Ahmed Bey (1381-1393) recognized Kadı Burhaneddin's authority. The beylik also declared allegiance to the Ottomans in the same year, and Ahmed Bey governed the Amasya region for about twelve years as an Ottoman governor. In 1393 Yıldırım Bayezid took Amasya and ended Kutluşah rule. This was the first of the Canik beyliks to be dissolved.

During their half-century of rule in Amasya the Kutluşahs endowed the city with structures of Turkish-Islamic architecture. Because they also protected the poets and writers who came to the city, the written sources of the period speak of them as though they were great rulers.

Union Under the Ottoman Roof

The first beylik to be dissolved when the region began to be joined to the empire in the time of Bayezid I was the Kutluşahs in 1393. In the following years all the Canik beyliks were joined to the Ottomans at various dates. When the interregnum began in the Ottoman state after the defeat at Ankara in 1402, most of the beyliks reappeared briefly. The local beys acted independently, tried to expand their territories and formed alliances. When the interregnum ended in 1413, almost all of Canik was again joined to the Ottomans. The Hacıemiroğulları and Taceddinoğulları survived until 1427-28, and the Taşanoğulları were the last to be incorporated, in 1430. The dissolution date of the Bafra beylik is given as 1460. The sanjak established in the region with Samsun as its center bore the name Canik Sanjak; it was abolished shortly before the founding of the Republic and its name was changed to Samsun. The name Canik lives on today as the geographic name of the central Black Sea coast and of the mountains there (the Canik Mountains).

The Meaning of the Age of Beyliks for Amasya

Each of these small domains tried to find its own way among the surrounding powers. The Çobanids made Kastamonu a center of learning even under Mongol pressure. The Pervâneoğulları, relying on the harbor of Sinop, withstood Genoese and Trebizond pressure for about half a century. The Canik beyliks continued the Turkification of the central and eastern Black Sea by pursuing a semi-independent regional policy. Amasya stood at the center of these balances, and the Kutluşahs who held the city were part of them. Almost all the beyliks were in the end united under the roof of the Ottoman state. With the governorship of Mehmed Çelebi and then of his son Murad II, Amasya began to gain a new position in the Ottoman world.

Chronology

1211-12: The first date at which Hüsâmeddin Çoban is known with certainty to be bey of Kastamonu.

1243: Battle of Köse Dağ; the Anatolian Seljuk state becomes subject to the Ilkhanids.

1266: Muînüddin Süleyman Pervâne takes Sinop from the Greeks.

1277: Battle of Elbistan (15 April); execution of Pervâne (2 August); foundation of the Pervâneoğulları beylik.

1309: Süleyman of the Candarids defeats Emir Mahmud; the Çobanids come to an end.

1322: Death of Gazi Çelebi; Sinop passes to the Candarids and the Pervâneoğulları end.

1340: The Kutluşah beylik is founded in Amasya.

1346: Foundation of the Taceddinoğulları beylik (accepted date).

1381: Hacı Şadgeldi dies in battle against Kadı Burhaneddin; Ahmed Bey declares allegiance to the Ottomans.

1393: Yıldırım Bayezid takes Amasya; the Kutluşahs come to an end.

1402: Battle of Ankara; the Canik beyliks briefly reappear.

1413: The interregnum ends.

1422: Kubadoğlu Hüseyin Bey surrenders at Amasya.

1427-1430: The Hacıemiroğulları, the Taceddinoğulları and finally the Taşanoğulları are joined to the Ottomans.

Bibliography

Primary sources

  • Entries on the Canik beyliks, Taceddinoğulları, Hacıemiroğulları, Kubadoğulları, Taşanoğulları and Kutluşahs, Wikipedia; works cited there: Hüseyin Hüsameddin, Amasya Tarihi; Kâzım Dilcimen, Canik Beyleri, Samsun 1940; İ. H. Uzunçarşılı, Anadolu Beylikleri ve Akkoyunlu, Karakoyunlu Devletleri. tr.wikipedia.org

Other sources

  • Yaşar Yücel, "Çobanoğulları", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol. 8, Istanbul 1993, pp. 354-355. islamansiklopedisi.org.tr
  • Muharrem Kesik, "Muînüddin Süleyman Pervâne", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol. 31, Ankara 2020, pp. 91-93. islamansiklopedisi.org.tr
  • Muharrem Kesik, "Pervâneoğulları", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol. 34, Ankara 2007, pp. 245-246 (the same entry text is also used in Konyapedia). konyapedia.com
  • Kutluşahlar Beyliği (Şadgeldiler), Arkeolojik Haber. arkeolojikhaber.com

Online sources