Yozgatlıdır. 1108 senesi muharreminin beşinde ikinci defa Amasya mutasarrıfı oldu. Kendisi harbe me’mûr olduğundan Amasya a‘yânından Sancızâde el-Hâc Hasan Ağa Amasya mütesellimi oldu. Baş a‘yân Ömer Bey de bin nefer maiyetiyle harbe gitdi.
Bu esnada Amasyalılar’dan Peçelizâde Hasan Paşa Canik Mutasarrıfı Bağdatlızâde Kara Mehmed Paşa Trabzon beylerbeyi, Şamlızâde Rahtuvan Mehmed Paşa da Karahisar-ı Şarkî mutasarrıfı idi. Bunlar da harbe me’mûr olmuşlardı. Ancak mütesellim Hasan Ağa, maktûl olan Tokatlı Genç Mehmed Paşa’ya kefaletinden 158 ve sâbık Van Beylerbeyi Amasyalı Abdî Beyzâde Mehmed Paşa’ya kefaletinden 1362 ki cem’an 1520 kuruş zimmetlerini te’diye etmeye mecbur olduğundan bizzarûre verdi.⁶⁸¹
Sipâhi kethüdâyeri Şa’bânzâde Mehmed Ağa, yeniçeri serdârı [224] Apardı İbrâhim Ağa da yoldaşlarıyla harbe gitdiğinden Amasya Alaybeyi es-Seyyid Mustafa Bey ve Kale Dizdârı Osmân Ağa Amasya muhâfızı olup kaldılar. Rebîülevvelde Köprülü İbşir Hasan Paşa vezâretle Silistre vâlisi oldu.
Rebîülâhirin beşinde Çetrefilzâde Yûsuf Paşa Sivas vâlisi olup Canik Mutasarrıfı Peçelizâde Hüseyin Paşa’nın kesret-i mezâliminden şikâyet edilmekle⁶⁸² Salâhûr Abaza Süleyman Ağa mübâşeretiyle cumâdelûlâda i’dâm edildi. Yerine muhârebede yararlık gösteren Amasya baş a‘yânı Bekir Beyzâde Ömer Bey Rumeli pâyesiyle Canik mutasarrıfı oldu.
Karahisar-ı Şarkî Mutasarrıfı Rahtuvan Mehmed Paşa, muhârebede bir yararlık gösteremediğinden ma‘zûlen Amasya’ya geldi. Hasan Paşa’nın emvâl ü emlâki müsadere edildiğinden yalnız Pervane Bey Mahallesindeki muhteşem konağı oğulları Osmân, Ahmed, Mustafa, Hasan beylere bırakıldı. Cumâdelûlânın yirmi birinde Evkâf-ı Sultâniye Mütevellîsi Köprülü İbşir Paşa’nın ref‘-i vezâretiyle Merzifonî Hazinedâr İbrâhim Paşa vezâretle Silistre vâlisi oldu. Mustafa Ağa’nın yerine İmam el-Hâc Mehmed Efendi evkâf-ı Sultâniyye mütevellîsi ve zilhiccede Avkatlı İbrâhim Ağa, Amasya alaybeyi oldu.
1109 senesi gurre-i muharreminde Sıdkı Ebûbekir Efendi, Amasya [225] kadısı oldu. Saferin yirmi altısında Amasya Mutasarrıfı Mehmed Paşa ve Sadr-ı a’zam Elmas Mehmed Paşa, Zenta Muhârebesi’nde şehid olduğundan Köprülü Ammizâde Hüseyin Paşa sadrâzam oldu. Amasya sancağı da bu muhârebede yararlığı görülen Hüseyin Bey’e verildi.
In Modern English
He was from Yozgat. On the fifth of Muharrem 1108 [1696] he became mutasarrıf (governor) of Amasya for the second time. Since he himself was assigned to the war, Sancızâde el-Hâc Hasan Ağa, one of the notables of Amasya, became mütesellim (deputy of the sanjak governor) of Amasya. The head notable (baş âyan) Ömer Bey also went to the war with a retinue of a thousand men.
At this time, of the people of Amasya, Peçelizâde Hasan Pasha was governor of Canik, Bağdatlızâde Kara Mehmed Pasha beylerbeyi of Trabzon, and Şamlızâde Rahtuvan Mehmed Pasha governor of Karahisar-ı Şarkî. These too had been assigned to the war. However, since the mütesellim Hasan Ağa was obliged to pay a debt of 1520 kuruş in all, 158 kuruş arising from his having stood surety for the slain Genç Mehmed Pasha of Tokat and 1362 kuruş from his having stood surety for the former Beylerbeyi of Van, Abdî Beyzâde Mehmed Pasha of Amasya, he gave this money, having no choice.
Since the sipahi kethüdâyeri (the local steward of the sipahis) Şa'bânzâde Mehmed Ağa and the janissary commander (serdar) Apardı İbrâhim Ağa had also gone to the war with their companions, the alaybeyi (commander of the timar-holding cavalry) of Amasya es-Seyyid Mustafa Bey and the fortress commander (dizdar) Osmân Ağa remained in the city as guardians of Amasya. In Rebiülevvel Köprülü İbşir Hasan Pasha became governor of Silistra with a vizierate.
On the fifth of Rebiülâhir Çetrefilzâde Yûsuf Pasha became governor of Sivas. Because Governor Peçelizâde Hüseyin Pasha of Canik was complained of for the abundance of his oppression, he was executed in Cemaziyelevvel through the commission of the salahor (palace stable official) Abaza Süleyman Ağa. In his place the head notable of Amasya Bekir Beyzâde Ömer Bey, who had shown usefulness in war, became governor of Canik with the Rumeli rank (pâye).
Governor Rahtuvan Mehmed Pasha of Karahisar-ı Şarkî, having shown no usefulness in the war, came to Amasya dismissed. Since Hasan Pasha's goods and property were confiscated, only his splendid mansion in the Pervane Bey Quarter was left to his sons, the beys Osmân, Ahmed, Mustafa and Hasan. On the twenty-first of Cemaziyelevvel, when the vizierate of Köprülü İbşir Pasha, administrator of the sultans' waqfs, was abolished, İbrâhim Pasha of Merzifon, the treasurer (hazinedar), became governor of Silistra with a vizierate. In place of Mustafa Ağa, Imam el-Hâc Mehmed Efendi became administrator of the sultans' waqfs, and in Zilhicce Avkatlı İbrâhim Ağa became alaybeyi of Amasya.
On the first day of Muharrem 1109 [1697] Sıdkı Ebûbekir Efendi became kadı (judge) of Amasya. On the twenty-sixth of Safer, since the governor of Amasya, Mehmed Pasha, and Grand Vizier Elmas Mehmed Pasha fell as martyrs in the Battle of Zenta, Köprülü Amcazâde Hüseyin Pasha became grand vizier. The sanjak of Amasya was given to Hüseyin Bey, whose usefulness had been seen in this battle.
Notes and Research
Old Words in the Text
- mutasarrıf: the sanjak governor who governs the sanjak in his own name
- mütesellim: the deputy who looks after the sanjak and collects taxes when the sanjak governor goes on campaign or to another post
- baş a'yân: the head of a city's notables, the most influential person who mediates between the people and the state
- kefalet: suretyship; undertaking another's debt
- zimmet: a state debt remaining on someone
- te'diye: payment
- bizzarûre: of necessity, having no choice
- kethüdâyeri: the local steward of the sipahis in a sanjak
- serdâr: here, the local commander of the janissaries in the city
- kesret-i mezâlim: the abundance of oppressions
- mübâşeret: being charged with carrying out an order
- Rumeli pâyesi: the degree of beylerbeyi of Rumeli; a rank, not an actual post
- ma'zûlen: having been dismissed from office
- emvâl ü emlâk: goods and properties
- müsadere: confiscation by the state
- ref'-i vezâret: the withdrawal of the rank of vizier
- gurre: the first day of the Arabic (lunar) month
Which Governor Died at Zenta
The governor called "Mahmûd Pasha" in the entry's title appears in the last paragraph as "Governor of Amasya Mehmed Pasha." In the previous entry Hüsameddin writes that the sanjak of Amasya was given at the beginning of 1108 to the guardian of Chios, Mahmûd Pasha, and in an earlier entry that this same Mahmûd Pasha of Yozgat, with the epithet "Bostancı," first became governor of Amasya in 1105. In that case the "Mehmed" in the name of the governor who died at Zenta is most probably a slip or typesetting error; but it cannot be settled with the sources at hand. In the lists of the notables who died at Zenta, Grand Vizier Elmas Mehmed Pasha, Koca Câfer Pasha and a few beylerbeyis are counted by name, while sanjak governors are referred to collectively as "many sanjak governors." Mahmûd Pasha's name was not found in these lists.
The Zenta Rout and the Question of the Date
The entry's last sentence touches one of the turning points of Ottoman history. Mustafa II's third Austrian campaign ended on 11 September 1697 at Zenta on the bank of the Tisza in a heavy rout before Prince Eugene's army. While a part of the army and the sultan had crossed to the other side of the river, the units remaining on this side were hit by a sudden attack; the soldiers piling onto the bridge crushed one another and fell into the water. It is related that Grand Vizier Elmas Mehmed Pasha had two of the bridge's pontoons removed to stop those fleeing and, standing at the head of the bridge sword in hand, was probably killed by his own soldiers. Austrian sources put the Ottoman loss at around 30,000, while some Ottoman sources say 7-8000. The sultan's seal on the grand vizier was also captured by the enemy and is kept in Vienna today.
The date 26 Safer 1109 that Hüsameddin gives corresponds to 13 September 1697 in the Gregorian calendar. The battle itself was two days earlier (24 Safer). By contrast, the appointment of Amcazâde Hüseyin Pasha to the grand vizierate was decided on 13 September 1697, and he received the seal on 17 September. So Hüsameddin's date reflects not the day of the battle but the date of the change of grand vizier. Amcazâde, the guardian of Belgrade, had in the meetings before the campaign advocated marching on Varadin, and his view was not accepted; after the rout he was brought to the post on the thought that he had been proved right, and he signed the Treaty of Karlowitz in January 1699.
The End of Peçelizâde Hasan Pasha
In the text the same person is called first "Peçelizâde Hasan Pasha" and a few lines later "Peçelizâde Hüseyin Pasha"; when it is told from whom the mansion was left, the name "Hasan Pasha" is used again. Since this person appears as Hasan Pasha in Hüsameddin's biographies of the emirs too, "Hüseyin" must be a writing error. According to the same biography, Hasan Pasha is the son of Beşli ağa (chief of the Beşli cavalry) Mehmed Ağa, who fell as a martyr before Vienna in 1094. He became alaybeyi of Amasya in 1096, then, showing usefulness in the incidents of the "upstarts," became governor of Canik with the rank of beylerbeyi in 1100, and afterward held posts in Mosul, Ankara and Azov.
A footnote draws attention to the background of the execution: that Hasan Pasha was unjustly killed at the hands of Mustafa Pasha, brother of Grand Vizier Elmas Mehmed Pasha, is narrated in detail in the author's biographical volume. According to the account there, Hasan Pasha, while beylerbeyi of Mosul, borrowed five thousand kuruş from Mustafa Ağa, brother of Elmas Mehmed Pasha, and is supposed to have given in return a bond for twelve thousand kuruş. When the creditor obtained a judicial ruling from the court, he paid the five thousand kuruş and was slow in paying the remaining seven thousand. Thereupon Mustafa Ağa, during his brother's grand vizierate, had complaints organized that he had oppressed the people of Canik, and Hasan Pasha was executed in Şevval 1108. Hüsameddin bases this information on an official debt register found in the Hagia Sophia archive. The same author does not neglect to record that the creditor too was seriously wounded in a battle in 1108 and died "in sighs and lamentation."
There is a discrepancy between Hüsameddin's placing the execution in Cemaziyelevvel in this entry and his giving Şevval in the biographical volume. The information that the mansion in the Pervane Bey Quarter was left to the sons is the same in both places; it is recorded that Mehmed Efendi, one of the family's grandsons, was still a madrasa professor in 1251 with the epithet "Peçelizâde."
The War Burden on the Provinces
This entry shows how the long Austrian wars of the 1690s were reflected in an Anatolian city. When the governor, the head notable, the sipahi kethüdâyeri and the janissary commander all went to the front at once, the protection of the city was left to the alaybeyi and the fortress commander. That the mütesellim was obliged to pay debts arising from standing surety for others also suggests that duties and tax-farm relations in the provinces were tied to one another by a chain of suretyship. Studies on the institution of the mütesellim note that this post passed into the hands of local families from the end of the seventeenth century and was a step in the rise of the notables; the names Sancızâde, Bekir Beyzâde and Peçelizâde appearing one after another in this entry is the Amasya example of this development.
Bibliography
Primary sources
- Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar, Amasya Tarihi, Amasya Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, 2022, vol. 4, p. 618–618. amasya.bel.tr
- Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar, Amasya Tarihi, vols. 6-8, Amasya Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, entry "Hasan Paşa-Peçelizâde", e-book p. 609-610. https://amasya.bel.tr/uploads/e-kitap/kitap/6-8/files/basic-html/page609.html
Academic studies