The connection between Amasya and the Gallipoli campaign is usually left to commemorations and general narratives. Yet the connection has a documentary side: soldiers from Amasya who entered the Ottoman army's registers, with their names, fathers' names, years of birth, home towns and places of death written down. Their numbers are small compared with those of the large provinces, but the sources do not give the figure in the same way. Some tables show 29 martyrs for Amasya, others 32, others 48. The difference between these figures also tells us something about how the records were kept. The question of why the number stayed so small leads, almost inevitably, to Amasya's military organization in those years, to the office that gathered soldiers in the town, and to the fronts to which the young men of Amasya were directed.

Mobilization and the Road to the Front

The Ottoman State had emerged from the Balkan War with a heavy defeat and was trying to reorganize its army with German assistance. When war broke out in Europe, an alliance treaty with Germany was signed on 2 August 1914 and mobilization was declared. For a while the state maintained a posture of armed neutrality. The arrival of the German Mediterranean Squadron's Goeben and Breslau in Ottoman waters in August 1914, and the bombardment of Russian ports in the Black Sea by the Ottoman fleet on 29 October 1914, drew the state into the war in practice. Russia attacked across the Caucasus, and Britain landed troops in the Gulf of Basra. The forts at the entrance of the Dardanelles also came under fire from British and French ships on 3 November 1914. The first martyrs of the front fell in this bombardment.

With mobilization, the criteria for military service were redefined by the Provisional Law on Military Obligation, and the country was divided into thirteen army corps recruiting districts. Conscripts were first sent from the recruiting offices to training centers known as depots, and after completing their training they were moved to the Gallipoli front along designated routes through the supply inspectorates. The length of the journey was a burden in itself. The land supply line consisted of a railway of about 250 kilometers running from Istanbul to Uzunköprü, and from there a stabilized road of about 165 kilometers to the front. Motor vehicles were almost nonexistent. The private walked this distance, and ammunition and provisions were carried by ox or horse carts. The part of the road facing the Gulf of Saros came under naval fire during the day and could be crossed only at night. The second line, about 150 nautical miles across the Sea of Marmara, could be covered much faster, but it also became dangerous once British submarines entered the Marmara. For a young man from Amasya, arriving at Gallipoli therefore meant the end of a march that could take weeks, sometimes of a troubled sea passage.

Military Organization in Amasya

Amasya did not enter the First World War as a town without a military past. During the Balkan War a reserve division bearing the name of the sanjak, the Amasya Redif Division, had fought under the X Corps. According to orders of battle based on Edward J. Erickson's study of the Ottoman army in the Balkan Wars, on 25 March 1913 the X Corps was in Thrace under the Çatalca Army and included, alongside the 4th and 31st Divisions, the Amasya Redif Division. In July of the same year the corps came under the Gallipoli Army, but the Amasya reserve division no longer appears in the table for that date. The Amasya calligrapher and memoirist Osman Fevzi Olcay also records that when the Balkan War broke out he served at the front as a combatant for some thirteen months. From Olcay's account of his neighborhood we learn that Brigadier Ahmet Hakkı Pasha of Nevşehir, who had commanded this reserve division, lived in a tall mansion in the Mehmet Paşa quarter.

After mobilization, the center of conscription in Amasya was the Recruiting Office. Olcay relates that from the beginning to the end of the First World War he worked as a clerk in this office, attached to the 31st Division, and that he was assigned there by special orders of the Ministry of War. At the head of the office, in Olcay's words, was Pertev Bey, nephew of the army commander of the day, Vehip Pasha the Albanian, who also served as acting division commander. Olcay recalls the name with bitterness. After the declaration of war the division headquarters set about repairing the ruins of the Palace of Bayezid II at Saraydüzü and making them usable, and to obtain the lime needed for the work it had every tree in the Soğukpınar vineyards of the Upper Savadiye quarter cut down and burned in a lime kiln. These vineyards, considered before the war one of the loveliest pleasure grounds of Amasya, thus disappeared. Olcay says that he witnessed these events himself because he worked in the office. His account shows that mobilization in Amasya did not stop at gathering men, but also reshaped the town's own spaces according to military needs.

Olcay's memoirs also touch on the other face of mobilization in the town. Describing the Çöplüce Madrasa, he writes that hardly any real students remained there, while a few would-be mullahs from the village of Göndes "trying to slip out of military service" and others like them were lodging in its rooms. The exemption of madrasa students from service under certain conditions had become a refuge for some young men in the war years. At the end of the same lines Olcay adds that these men, too, died in the First World War and the years that followed. Describing a family of his own quarter, he notes that with the death of Cemal and Kemal, grandsons of Tayip Efendi, chief clerk of the Finance Accounting Office, in the First World War, only two daughters of the family remained. He does not say on which front these deaths occurred.

The 31st Division and the Caucasus Front

The 31st Division, to which Olcay says he was attached, was one of the divisions of the X Corps. In 1911 the corps was headquartered at Erzincan, and one of the 31st Division's regiments was at Sivas. According to tables based on Erickson's study of the Ottoman army in the First World War, from November 1914 to August 1916 the X Corps served on the Caucasus front with the 30th, 31st and 32nd Divisions, and took part in the Sarıkamış Operation. That the office gathering soldiers in Amasya was attached to the 31st Division suggests that a large share of those called up in the sanjak were sent east, to the Caucasus front. This is an inference. We have no table showing in what proportion the soldiers of Amasya went to which front. Yet the fact that Amasya's number of Gallipoli martyrs is far smaller than those of neighboring provinces such as Çorum or Yozgat draws a picture consistent with this inference.

The road east had its own losses. A martyrs' cemetery in the village of Çınarlı in the Hafik district of Sivas preserves the memory of the 915th Merzifon Battalion, which set out from Merzifon in 1915-1916 to join the Eastern Front in the direction of Erzurum and Sarıkamış. Unable to advance because of the harsh winter, the battalion was forced to halt in the village for some six or seven months, and during that time a number of its soldiers lost their lives. According to the inscription at the cemetery the number of dead is 40, while oral accounts handed down by the village elders raise it to as many as 70. The local accounts of the cause of these deaths have not been confirmed by documents. The graves of the soldiers, buried by the villagers, were long known as the "Cemetery of the Strangers", and the site was laid out as a martyrs' cemetery and opened to visitors on 7 July 2007. The story of the Merzifon battalion does not belong to Gallipoli, but by showing in which direction the young men gathered from the Amasya sanjak flowed during the war years, it helps in understanding Amasya's Gallipoli losses.

The Course of the War on the Gallipoli Front

The Allied powers aimed to force the Straits, press on to Istanbul and open a sea link with Russia. The plan was first carried out with the fleet alone. The bombardment that began on 19 February 1915 reached its peak on 18 March. Of the ships of the Combined Fleet advancing in the narrowest part of the Straits, Bouvet, Irresistible and Ocean were sunk, and Inflexible and Gaulois were heavily damaged. The mines that the minelayer Nusret had laid on the Asian side of the Straits were one of the decisive factors in this result. The failure of the naval operation led the Allied command to attempt a land operation on the Gallipoli Peninsula.

On the Ottoman side, the Fifth Army was formed on 24 March 1915 under Marshal Liman von Sanders. The army consisted of three divisions in Esat Pasha's III Corps, two divisions in Weber Pasha's XV Corps, the 19th Division attached to army headquarters, and some additional units, and its total strength was about 84,000 men. The commander of the 19th Division was Lieutenant Colonel Mustafa Kemal. British, French and Anzac forces landed at dawn on 25 April 1915 on five beaches around Seddülbahir in the south of the peninsula and at Arıburnu in the north. The following months were taken up by the battles of Kirte and Kerevizdere, the bayonet assault without artillery support on the night of 18-19 May, and the fighting at Zığındere in late June and early July. Trench warfare flared up again in August with a new landing at Suvla and Anafartalar. The heavy rain and snowstorm at the end of November left the trenches of both sides under water and ice. The Allied forces evacuated Arıburnu and Anafartalar on 19-20 December 1915 and Seddülbahir on 9 January 1916.

The weight of the battles is also reflected in the loss tables. In the naval battle of 18 March, the total Ottoman and German loss was 97 men, of whom 79 were Turkish and 18 German. The Allied fleet, by contrast, lost about 800 men on that day alone. In the land battles the picture reverses. On the night of 18-19 May an Ottoman force of 42,000 men launched a bayonet assault without artillery support and suffered about 10,000 casualties within a few hours, of whom 3,420 were killed and 6,064 wounded. According to one compilation, 16,000 martyrs were lost in the eight days of continuous fighting at Zığındere between 28 June and 5 July. The Zığındere fighting took place on the southern front, around Seddülbahir and Kirte, which are frequently named in the records of men from Amasya. Disease was as deadly as weapons. Scurvy, dysentery and similar illnesses took about 64,000 soldiers out of combat. The dressing stations and hospitals behind the front were therefore an inseparable part of the war.

Losses and What the Figures Mean

There is a common misunderstanding about Ottoman losses at Gallipoli. The frequently quoted figure of 250,000 is not the number of martyrs but the total casualties. As a military term, casualties include the dead, the wounded, the sick, prisoners and the missing together. According to the official study of the General Staff, the exact number of martyrs the Ottoman army suffered in its land and naval battles is 57,370. Those who died in hospital are not included in this number, since they were classified separately. Hospital losses are estimated at about 21,000, the wounded at between 97,000 and 100,000, and the missing and prisoners at between 10,000 and 11,000. When all the items are added up, a total of around 252,000 casualties emerges. Whether a man died at the front or in hospital therefore matters, and both cases appear in the records of the martyrs from Amasya.

The distribution of martyrs by province also shows which regions supplied the front with soldiers. Bursa leads with more than 4,000, followed by Balıkesir with about 3,500, and Konya and Kastamonu with between 2,500 and 2,900. The provinces around Çanakkale and in western Anatolia have high shares. The figures for provinces in eastern and northeastern Anatolia are much smaller. Amasya is among the provinces with low numbers in this distribution. The contrast sharpens when it is compared with neighboring provinces: the same table lists 1,390 martyrs for Çorum, 718 for Yozgat and 268 for Sivas. Tokat, with 61, and Samsun, with 54, are at a level close to Amasya. That such a wide gap exists between provinces in the same region suggests that the difference cannot be explained by population alone, and that the units and fronts to which soldiers were assigned were also decisive. The martyr tables themselves do not explain the reason. The attachment of Amasya's recruiting office to the 31st Division on the Caucasus front may offer an explanation for the gap, but since it is not known which unit ties determined the equally low figures of provinces such as Tokat and Samsun, any interpretation on this point remains an assumption.

The Figures Given for Amasya

The number of martyrs for Amasya varies according to the table consulted. A table prepared by province from Ministry of National Defense data shows 29 records for Amasya. A current table giving the distribution of Gallipoli martyrs by province puts the number at 48. An older compilation, also reflected in some publications, gives 32. It is not possible to say which of these three figures is correct on its own, because the tables were prepared with different criteria. Some count only those who died on the battlefield, while others add those who died in hospital. Some record home town according to place of birth, others according to the population register. The administrative boundaries of Amasya in the Ottoman period were also different from today's. A count made according to today's provincial boundaries therefore does not always match the sanjak records of the period.

The incompleteness of the records is a separate problem. For most of those recorded as privates, only a father's name, a nickname or a village is written. In some, the home town field reads only "Amasya", and it cannot be established which district they came from. Another confusion arises from place names. One of the lines in the Ministry list in which the name "Amasya" appears turns out, on closer inspection, to belong to a soldier from a village called Amasya in the Bozdoğan district of Aydın. If one considers that a similar village name can be confused with the provincial name in automated searches, part of the difference in numbers may arise from uncertainties of this kind. But showing with documents which line was included in which table does not seem possible today. The most accurate way of putting the number of martyrs from Amasya is therefore "at least 29, at most 48".

The subject can also be said to have remained a blank in local historiography. In our search of a comprehensive bibliography bringing together the books, articles, memoirs and documents published in Turkish on the Gallipoli campaign, we found no study devoted to Amasya's Gallipoli martyrs or to Gallipoli veterans from Amasya. The introduction to the same bibliography notes that the letters, diaries and memoirs left by Turkish soldiers are very few compared with those of Allied soldiers, and links this to the low rate of literacy. For the martyrs from Amasya, too, what remains is largely a few lines in official lists.

The Men from Amasya in the Records

Examining the twenty-nine records in the Gallipoli front martyrs list of the Ministry of National Defense archive in which the home province is given as Amasya yields some details about the people behind the figures. The largest group among the records with a district recorded is men from Gümüşhacıköy, nine of whom appear from that district. They are followed by four men from Merzifon. One man is from Hamamözü, one from the Eraslan subdistrict of Suluova, and one from the Ziyaret subdistrict of central Amasya. Years of birth range from 1877 to 1897, but the majority are young men born between 1888 and 1893. In the records where the nickname field is filled, family names such as Karahacıoğulları, Dedeoğulları, Kıymetoğulları, Burakoğulları, Karakadıoğulları and Velioğulları can be read. These names point to families whose traces can still be followed at village level today.

The Officers

Six of the recorded men from Amasya are officers. First Lieutenant Ali Rıza Efendi, son of Mustafa, fell according to the list at Sığındere in the sector of the 11th Division. Lieutenant Hüseyin Efendi, son of Ahmet, born in 1877, died at Anafartalar, while Lieutenant Mehdi Efendi, son of Cafer Sadık, died in the Gülhane Hospital in Istanbul. Captain Mehmet Hulusi, son of Osman, born in 1878, was from Merzifon and lost his life at Kerevizdere. The place of death of Senior Captain Nazif Efendi, son of Mehmet Emin, is written as "Çanakkale darülharbinde", that is, on the Çanakkale battlefield. The youngest officer in the list is Lieutenant Yusuf, son of Hacı Hasan, born in 1897. The officers' years of birth are markedly earlier than those of the privates. The two officers born in 1877 and 1878 were in their late thirties during the war. The records also include one corporal, and the rest are privates.

Places and Dates of Death

The places of death show that men from Amasya were present on almost every sector of the Gallipoli Peninsula. The records name Seddülbahir, Kirte, Kerevizdere, Sığındere, Arıburnu, Kabatepe and Anafartalar. Seddülbahir, Kirte, Kerevizdere and Sığındere are the heavy combat zones of the southern front. Arıburnu and Kabatepe belong to the northern front, where the Anzac landing took place. The martyrs recorded at Anafartalar are linked to the defense against the Suvla landing of August 1915. In the place-of-death field of one of the lines there is a phrase meaning "in the bombardment of Seddülbahir by the British and French fleet". This private, Yunus, son of Mehmet, of the Oruçoğulları, born in 1892, lost his life in the period of naval bombardment before the land operation.

The dates of death are written in the Rumi calendar, as the years 1330, 1331 and 1332, and in figures in day/month/year form. Since the Rumi year began in March, a month and day correction is needed when calculating the Gregorian equivalents of these dates. The month figures in the list appear to have been counted starting from March, the first month of the Rumi year. This is a reading we have reached by comparing the records, but it has strong grounds. The date of Yunus, who died in the bombardment, is written as 21/08/1330. If the month figure is read in calendar order, this date falls at the beginning of September 1914, and there was no bombardment of Seddülbahir in those days. If the eighth month is counted from March it becomes Teşrinievvel, and 21 Teşrinievvel 1330, once the thirteen-day calendar difference is added, corresponds to 3 November 1914, the very day on which British and French ships bombarded the forts at the entrance of the Straits. The date 18/02/1331 of a soldier who died at Kabatepe likewise falls, on the first reading, in March 1916, after the evacuation, while on the second reading it corresponds to 1 May 1915, a week after the landing.

Read in this way, the records make it possible to place the deaths of men from Amasya within the known phases of the war. The date 19/12/1330 of Corporal Hüseyin, son of Mehmet, from the Ziyaret subdistrict of the center, falls on 4 March 1915, in the weeks when the naval operation was under way. Two deaths at Kabatepe and Arıburnu correspond to 1 and 2 May 1915, the death of Captain Mehmet Hulusi at Kerevizdere to 9 May 1915, and that of Senior Captain Nazif Efendi to 11 May 1915. Two privates from Amasya born in 1892, Ali, son of Hüseyin, and Mehmet, son of Nazif, were registered with the same unit numbers and both fell at Kirte on the same day, 22/03/1331. This date corresponds to 4 June 1915 and coincides with the intense days of the fighting around Kirte. The death of Mustafa, son of Mehmet, from Gümüşhacıköy, at Sığındere falls on 5 July 1915, the last day of the Zığındere fighting. The dates of two men from Gümüşhacıköy who died in the battle of Seddülbahir correspond to 12 and 13 July 1915, while the dates of the privates who died at Anafartalar correspond to the second half of August 1915. Lieutenant Hüseyin Efendi's death at Anafartalar falls on 12 August 1915, and Lieutenant Mehdi Efendi's death at Gülhane on 1 November 1915. All these Gregorian equivalents are calculations based on the reading above and have not been tested against individual documents.

Not every record fits this pattern. The date of Mustafa, son of Mustafa, of the Çinlilioğulları, recorded as having died in the battle of Seddülbahir, shows the year 1332. Whichever reading is used, this date falls after the evacuation of Seddülbahir, so the record probably contains an error in the year. The place-of-death field of Lieutenant Yusuf is empty, and his date corresponds to early 1916. In the record of Kurban, son of Ali Kâzım, from Suluova, the day field has been left as "00", and the place is given only as "on the field of battle". These gaps are a reminder that the lists were prepared under wartime conditions, often copied from unit registers.

Those Who Died in Hospital, and the Units

Four men from Amasya are seen to have died in hospital. Hüseyin, son of Osman, from Hamamözü, died in the field hospital of the 11th Division, Kadir, son of Hasan, in the severely wounded hospital of the southern group, Lieutenant Mehdi Efendi at Gülhane, and Mustafa, son of Bayram, from Merzifon, in the Haydarpaşa Hospital in Istanbul. In the classification of the General Staff, which kept those killed in battle and those who died in hospital apart, these men may fall under different headings. This is one more reason why the figures given for Amasya do not agree with each other.

Most records give, besides the name, father's name and nickname, the corps, division, regiment and battalion numbers. It can be understood from this information that men from Amasya were not gathered in a single unit but were scattered among various divisions and regiments. Some clusters nevertheless stand out. Like the two privates who died at Kirte on the same day, Hüseyin of Hamamözü and another man from Amasya of the Tahkacızadeoğulları were also registered with the same unit numbers, and the two died a few days apart. Mehmet of the Abdulkerimoğulları and İsmail of the Kurudillioğulları likewise carry the same unit numbers. This dispersion and these small clusters suggest that the men from Amasya, without being gathered into a provincial regiment, reached the front as reinforcements of a few men each for different units, passing through the depots and supply lines. This inference is an interpretation based on the unit numbers in the records and needs to be verified against individual regimental histories.

Amasya Behind the Front

The burden Amasya bore in the war was not limited to the people sent to the front. During the First World War, central Anatolia was a basin that supplied provisions as well as soldiers. Foodstuffs collected from Amasya, Çorum, Tokat and Sivas were brought by road to the ports of Samsun and Sinop and sent from there by sea to Trabzon. The provisioning of the Canik sanjak also depended largely on grain obtained from these towns. Canik officials secured promises of hundreds of thousands of kilograms of grain from Amasya, Çorum and Tokat, while the governor of the Amasya sanjak determined from which districts purchases could be made. The merchants who went to Amasya to collect grain, together with the scarcity of provisions in the region, created an environment of rising prices and black-market dealing. The weight of the war was thus felt far from the front, in Amasya's marketplace and on its threshing floors.

A trace of how the war was perceived in the town has also been preserved in Hüsameddin's Amasya Tarihi (History of Amasya). Cûdî Efendi, a poet of Amasya who had taught for many years in Salonica, wrote out in his own hand a long poem entitled "Harb-i Umûmî" (The General War) at Hüsameddin's request and presented it to him with the dedication "to my esteemed fellow townsman, the historian of Amasya". Hüsameddin publishes the poem in full within Cûdî Efendi's biography. The poem sees the war as one of the bloody repetitions of human history, calls Russia the "eternal enemy", finds the real responsibility in Britain's greed, and refers to more than ten million dead and to ten times that number of people fallen into misery. The name of Gallipoli does not occur in it, but by conveying the view of the war held by an elderly poet who lived through those same years in Amasya, it opens a window onto the mood of the town at the time.

Remembrance and Memory

Gallipoli's link with Amasya is not limited to the number of martyrs. Mustafa Kemal, who as commander of the 19th Division was at the front in the most critical days of the war from Arıburnu to Anafartalar, came from Havza to Amasya four years later, on 12 June 1919, and issued the Amasya Circular on 22 June 1919. The essence of the circular was the idea that the nation's independence would be saved by the nation's own determination and resolve. The commander of Gallipoli and one of the first documents of the resistance movement in Anatolia met in this city.

In Amasya, 18 March Martyrs' Remembrance Day and the Gallipoli Naval Victory are commemorated every year with official ceremonies and school programs. The center of the ceremonies is the Tekirdede Martyrs' Cemetery. At the ceremony held there in 2018 for the 103rd anniversary of the victory, the governor laid a wreath at the memorial, and after a salute and prayers carnations were placed on the martyrs' graves. A Turkish flag made of two thousand red carnations became the most talked-about detail of the day, and the ceremony ended with the planting of pine saplings in the cemetery garden. In 2026, for the 111th anniversary, a programme was held in the Congress Hall of Amasya University in which a minute of silence and the national anthem were followed by Gallipoli folk songs prepared by students, a choir performance and a theater piece. The governor, the member of parliament, the garrison commander and the mayor attended the programme. The names of Amasya's Gallipoli martyrs are not yet read out separately at these ceremonies. The twenty-nine records in the Ministry list are the most concrete starting point available for remembering these names again at the level of districts and villages.

Chronology

25 March 1913: The Amasya Redif Division was in Thrace within the X Corps, under the Çatalca Army.

2 August 1914: The Ottoman-German alliance treaty was signed and mobilization was declared.

29 October 1914: The Ottoman fleet bombarded Russian ports in the Black Sea, and the state entered the war in practice.

3 November 1914: British and French ships bombarded the forts at the entrance of the Dardanelles. By our reading, the date in the record of Private Yunus of Amasya corresponds to this day.

November 1914: The X Corps on the Caucasus front with the 30th, 31st and 32nd Divisions.

19 February 1915: The bombardment of the Straits by the Allied fleet began.

18 March 1915: The attempt of the Combined Fleet to pass through the Straits ended in failure.

24 March 1915: The Fifth Army was formed under Liman von Sanders.

25 April 1915: Land landings were made at Seddülbahir and Arıburnu.

18-19 May 1915: The Ottoman army launched a bayonet assault without artillery support.

August 1915: New landings and battles at Suvla and Anafartalar.

1915-1916: On its way to the Eastern Front, the 915th Merzifon Battalion halted for months in the village of Çınarlı in Hafik, and some of its soldiers died there.

19-20 December 1915: Allied forces withdrew from Arıburnu and Anafartalar.

9 January 1916: The evacuation of Seddülbahir ended the Gallipoli campaign.

12 June 1919: Mustafa Kemal arrived in Amasya.

22 June 1919: The Amasya Circular was issued.

7 July 2007: The Hafik Çınarlı Merzifon Battalion Martyrs' Cemetery was opened to visitors.

18 March 2018: The 103rd anniversary of the victory was commemorated in Amasya with a ceremony at the Tekirdede Martyrs' Cemetery.

Bibliography

Primary sources

  • Ministry of National Defense Archive Directorate, Gallipoli Front Martyrs List (records for Amasya).
  • Osman Fevzi Olcay, Amasya Hâtıraları: Bildiklerim, Gördüklerim, İşittiklerim ile Amasya, simplified by Turan Böcekçi and Mehmet H. Seçkiner, Amasya Municipality Cultural Publications, Amasya 2009 (the author's posts; "Yukarı Savadiye Mahallesi", p. 24; Mehmet Paşa quarter; Çöplüce Madrasa).
  • Hüsameddin, Amasya Tarihi, vol. 8, pp. 537-541 (biography of Cûdî Efendi and the poem "Harb-i Umûmî").

Academic studies

  • Arslan, Mehmet. "Birinci Dünya Harbinde Çanakkale Cephesine Asker Alım İşlemleri ve Askerlerin Cepheye İntikalleri". Çanakkale Araştırmaları Türk Yıllığı.
  • "Birinci Dünya Savaşı Yıllarında Canik'in İaşe Durumu (1914-1918)". Belleten.

Other sources

  • Compilation of Gallipoli casualty figures and unit strengths; with references to the General Staff study "Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nda Çanakkale Cephesi (Haziran 1914 - Ocak 1916)".
  • Table of Gallipoli martyrs by province (Çanakkale Şehitlik). canakkalesehitlik.net
  • Distribution of Ottoman force losses at Gallipoli by province and country (Turkish Wikipedia; with references to the Ministry of National Defense martyrs list). tr.wikipedia.org
  • "Millî Mücadele Döneminde Amasya". TÜBA Tarih Serisi.
  • "X Corps (Ottoman Empire)", Wikipedia; with references to Edward J. Erickson, Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912-1913 (Praeger, 2003) and Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War (Greenwood, 2001). en.wikipedia.org
  • Demirören News Agency, report on the 18 March ceremony in Amasya (Sinan Harmancı), "DHA Yurt Bülteni-4", sondakika.com, March 2018.
  • Atatürk Research Center, Çanakkale Savaşları Bibliyografyası.

Online sources