Sivas'ın Yıldızeli'nden ve Yıldız hânedânından Mehmed Bey'in oğludur. "Yıldızlı İbrâhim Bey" demekle meşhûrdur. Gayr-i Türkler'den canı yanmış Türkler'den olup serbâzlıkdan Hüseyin Paşa'nın arzıyla mîrlivâ olmuşdu. 1007 senesi şevvâlinde Amasya beyi olup geldi.
Bunun zamânında Hacı Mehmed Efendi, Veliyyeddîn Efendi, Köprülü el-Hâc Mehmed Efendi, meşâhîr-i muhaddisînden Zileli Abdurrahmân Efendi, el-Hâc Mansûr Çelebi, el-Hâc Pîrî Çelebi, nakîbü'l-eşrâf kâ'im-makâmı es-Seyyid Mustafa Sâfî Çelebi, Çelebi Mehmed Efendi, zu'amâdan Abdulbâkî Bey, Hacı Beyzâde İlyâs Bey gâyet nüfûzlu a'yândan idiler.
Sivas beylerbeyi Deli Mahmûd Paşa, Hüseyin Paşa'nın azl ve habsinden sonra daha ziyâde azdırdı. Fakat isyân ve ihtilâl her tarafda parlamış, gayr-i Türk zaleme her tarafda ezilmeğe başlamışdı.
Tam bu sırada Amasya kalesinde mahbûs olan Hüseyin Paşa ile Deli Zülfikâr Ağa, Amasya beyi İbrâhim Bey'in ya kasden ihmâli yâhud verdiği ta'lîmâtı yüzünden fürce bulmuşlar, kale dizdârı İbrâhim Ağa ve müstahfızları bağlayıp 1007 zilhiccesinde kaçmışlar ve erbâb-ı ihtilâle iltihâk etmişlerdi.
Erbâb-ı ihtilâlin başbuğları şunlardı: Urfalı Abdulhalîm, birâderi Deli Hasan, Amasyalı Deli Zülfikâr, Malatyalı Karakaş Ahmed, Ankaralı Kalenderoğlu Mehmed, Gavur Murâd, Tekeli Mehmed, Tokatlı Ağacdan [347] Pîrî, Sivaslı Kara Sa'îd ve Hüseyinoğlu İshâk, Adanalı Sevündük, Bağdâdlı Uzun Halîl, Kalındudak Mahmûd, Köprülü Sarı Şa'bân.
Bunlardan her birinin idâresinde üçer beşer bin eşkıyâ vardı. Erbâb-ı ihtilâlin kuvve-i umûmiyyesi yetmiş binden ziyâde idi. Başkumandanları Urfalı Abdulhalîm Bey'di. Târîh-i Na'îmâ'da bunların ahvâli oldukça mufassaldır. Yalnız erbâb-ı ihtilâlin makâsıdı yazılmamışdır.
Erbâb-ı ihtilâlin makâsıdı, cereyân eden ahvâle bakılırsa iki şeyden ibâret olduğu görülür: Birincisi o zamân devlet mektebi demek olan Enderûn'a Türkler'in de kabûlü, ikincisi gayr-i Türkler derecesinde Türkler'in de menâsıb-ı âliye-i devleti işgâli.
Anadolu'da mükemmel teşkîlâta mâlik olan erbâb-ı ihtilâl, kendi gâyelerine ermek için kimseyi dinlemiyorlar, Osmanlı hânedânını tanımıyorlardı. Bâb-ı âlî, Hüseyin Paşa'nın Amasya kalesinden firârıyla fevkalâde telâş ve ıztırâb içinde idi. Bunu elde etmek için her türlü fedâkârlığı göze aldırmışlardı.
Hüseyin Paşa gâyet âkil, müdebbir, nüfûzlu bir zât idi. Bunun erbâb-ı ihtilâl içinde vücûdu bâb-ı âlîce ne kadar muzır telakkî ediliyorsa ihtilâlcilerin başı olan Abdulhalîm için de o kadar muzırdı. Çünkü riyâset, Hüseyin Paşa'ya intikâl edecekdi.
Amasya beyi İbrâhim Bey, erbâb-ı ihtilâli teşvîk eden rü'esâdan idi. Kimseyi tanımıyordu. Bunun için bâb-ı âlî, kendisine iltihâk [348] eden Hüseyin Paşa'yı İstanbul'a i'zâm ve teslîm etmek şartıyla Abdulhalîm'e Amasya sancağı beyliğini tevcîh etdi.
In Modern English
He was the son of Mehmed Bey of the Yıldız dynasty, from the Yıldızeli district of Sivas. He is known as "Yıldızlı İbrâhim Bey." He was one of the Turks who had been hurt by non-Turks; he had become mirliva from the rank of private soldier, upon Hüseyin Pasha's report. In Shawwal of the year 1007 [1599] he came as bey of Amasya.
In his time Hacı Mehmed Efendi, Veliyyeddîn Efendi, Köprülü el-Hâc Mehmed Efendi, Zileli Abdurrahmân Efendi, one of the famous hadith scholars, el-Hâc Mansûr Çelebi, el-Hâc Pîrî Çelebi, the deputy head of the descendants of the Prophet es-Seyyid Mustafa Sâfî Çelebi, Çelebi Mehmed Efendi, Abdulbâkî Bey, one of the zeamet holders, and Hacı Beyzâde İlyâs Bey were extremely influential notables (ayan).
The beylerbeyi of Sivas, Deli Mahmûd Pasha, after the dismissal and imprisonment of Hüseyin Pasha, grew thoroughly unruly. But rebellion and uprising had flared up everywhere, and the tyranny of the non-Turks had begun to be crushed everywhere.
Just at this time Hüseyin Pasha and Deli Zülfikâr Ağa, who were held prisoner in Amasya Castle, found an opportunity, either through the deliberate neglect of the bey of Amasya, İbrâhim Bey, or through the instructions he gave. They bound the castle warden İbrâhim Ağa and the guards and fled in Dhu al-Hijja 1007 [1599] and joined the rebels.
The leaders of the rebels were these: Abdulhalîm of Urfa, his brother Deli Hasan, Deli Zülfikâr of Amasya, Karakaş Ahmed of Malatya, Kalenderoğlu Mehmed of Ankara, Gavur Murâd, Tekeli Mehmed, Ağaçtan Pîrî of Tokat, Kara Sa'îd of Sivas and Hüseyinoğlu İshâk, Sevündük of Adana, Uzun Halîl of Baghdad, Kalındudak Mahmûd, Sarı Şa'bân of Köprü.
Under the command of each of them were three or five thousand bandits. The total strength of the rebels was more than seventy thousand. Their commander-in-chief was Abdulhalîm Bey of Urfa. Their situation is described in considerable detail in the Naîmâ History. Only the rebels' aims are not written down.
The rebels' aims, judging by the course of events, appear to consist of two things: first, that Turks too be admitted to the Enderun, which at that time meant the state school; second, that Turks too hold the high offices of the state to the same extent as non-Turks.
The rebels, who had a perfect organization in Anatolia, listened to no one in order to reach their aims and did not recognize the Ottoman dynasty. The Sublime Porte (Bâb-ı âlî) was in extraordinary alarm and distress at Hüseyin Pasha's escape from Amasya Castle. They were ready to make any sacrifice to capture him.
Hüseyin Pasha was an extremely intelligent, prudent and influential man. As harmful as his presence among the rebels was considered by the Sublime Porte, it was just as harmful to Abdulhalîm, the head of the rebels. For the leadership would pass to Hüseyin Pasha.
The bey of Amasya, İbrâhim Bey, was one of the leaders who encouraged the uprising. He recognized no one. For this reason the Sublime Porte gave Abdulhalîm the sanjak beylik of Amasya on the condition that he send Hüseyin Pasha, who had joined them, to Istanbul and hand him over.
Notes and Research
Old Words in the Text
- serbâzlık: soldiering, military service in the ranks
- nakîbü'l-eşrâf: official who looks after the registers and affairs of the sayyids (descendants of the Prophet); kâ'im-makâm, deputy
- meşâhîr-i muhaddisîn: famous hadith scholars
- fürce: opportunity, gap
- dizdâr, müstahfız: castle commander and castle guards
- iltihâk: joining
- başbuğ: leader, commander
- kuvve-i umûmiyye: total strength
- makâsıd: aims
- menâsıb-ı âliye-i devlet: the high offices of the state
- Enderûn: the school inside the palace; statesmen were trained here
- tevcîh: appointment, giving to a post
- i'zâm: sending
The Leaders of the Rebels
The names Hüsameddin lists largely coincide with the list in the encyclopedia entry on Karayazıcı Abdülhalim. There too are counted his brother Deli Hasan, Deli Zülfikar of Amasya, Karakaş Ahmed of Malatya, Kalenderoğlu Mehmed, Gâvur Murad, Tekeli Mehmed, Ağaçtan Pîrî, Kara Said, Hüseyinoğlu İshak, Sevündük of Adana, Uzun Halil of Baghdad, Kalın Dudak Mahmud and Şâban of Köprü; among the sources on which the entry rests is this volume of the Amasya Tarihi. According to the same sources, Karayazıcı appointed Hüseyin Pasha as his vizier and organized his army in a way resembling the Ottoman military organization.
Of the names in the list, Kalenderoğlu Mehmed became in later years one of the most powerful names of the Celali uprisings. It is told that he rebelled because the sanjak beylik promised to him was not given, that in 1607 he dominated Manisa and its surroundings, and that, defeated by Kuyucu Murad Pasha, he fled to Iran in 1608. This entry, however, reflects his period when he was still with Karayazıcı.
Numbers and Aims
Hüsameddin gives the rebels' total strength as more than seventy thousand. In other sources it is written that Karayazıcı at the start had about twenty thousand sekbans and that when he was defeated at Sepetli in 1601 his army amounted to thirty thousand. These figures differ from each other, and Hüsameddin's figure of seventy thousand has not been verified.
The aims Hüsameddin gives, that is, the Turks' being admitted to the Enderun and coming to high offices, do not appear in the encyclopedia entries consulted for this study. According to the assessment there, Karayazıcı's claim to the sultanate was not serious and did not directly target the dynasty; his real aim was to obtain a sanjak beylik or beylerbeyilik. The same entry draws attention to the fact that most Celali leaders were persons who had been in state service and had been dismissed, rightly or wrongly. Hüsameddin's interpretation of "the Turks' demand for office" should therefore be regarded as the author's own reading.
Caution on Chronology
Hüsameddin places Hüseyin Pasha's escape from Amasya in Dhu al-Hijja 1007 and narrates Abdulhalîm's appointment to the beylik of Amasya as its counterpart. In the next entry he ties this appointment to Muharram 1008 [1599]. In the encyclopedia entry the order is different: Hüseyin Pasha and Karayazıcı together seize Urfa Castle (late 1599), at the end of the agreement made with the commander-in-chief the sanjak of Amasya or Antep is promised to Karayazıcı, and Hüseyin Pasha is handed over to the commander-in-chief and executed in Istanbul in February 1600. Which sanjak was given also varies in the sources: some say Amasya, some Çorum, some Antep. Hüsameddin's account of "the beylik of Amasya on condition of handing over Hüseyin Pasha" agrees with the essence of this agreement; the order in the detail differs.
Yıldızlı İbrâhim Bey is a local administrator who does not appear in most sources. No information beyond Hüsameddin was found about him. Whether he had a share in Hüseyin Pasha's escape from the castle, that is, whether the neglect was deliberate, is not certain even in Hüsameddin and is presented as two possibilities: "either through deliberate neglect or through the instructions he gave."
Many names in the list of Amasya notables in the text are repeated in the next entry; from there one can follow by whose word the city was governed in these years.
Bibliography
Primary sources
- Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar, Amasya Tarihi, Amasya Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, 2022, vol. 3, pp. 520–521. amasya.bel.tr
Academic studies
- Mücteba İlgürel, "Karayazıcı Abdülhalim", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul 2001. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/karayazici-abdulhalim
- Mücteba İlgürel, "Kalenderoğlu Mehmed", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul 2001. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kalenderoglu-mehmed
- Mücteba İlgürel, "Celâlî İsyanları", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, İstanbul 1993. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/celali-isyanlari
- Meryem Kaçan Erdoğan, "Karayazıcı İsyanı", Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4/2, 2003, pp. 53-66. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/112963