INTRODUCTION (11) (Mukaddime)

In Modern English

45- "Şeyh Zekeriyyâ Tomb": East of the Saraçhane Mosque, inside the gate, it is a hazîre (small cemetery with an enclosure) set aside for itself. There are buried the Sheikh of the Saddlers, "Pîr Sun'ullâh-ı Halvetî," one of the great saints, and his halife, His Excellency "Pîr Zekeriyyâ-yı Halvetî." His Excellency Şeyh Zekeriyyâ-yı Halvetî, so that Qur'an juz volumes be read at his tomb, endowed in 874 [1469-70] his two farms in the "Hakala" nahiye, which he had inherited from his father "Şeyh Paşa."

46- "Saçlı Efendi Tomb": It is a room set aside inside his own house, opposite the door entering the courtyard of the Sultan Bayezid Mosque from the east side. There is buried the famous mufti of Amasya, "Saçlı el-Hâc Mahmûd Efendi." Since he had this tomb built in his lifetime, it is told that when, sitting in the room above it, he saw a visitor reading the Fatiha at the grave, he said, "Read; he is a man in need of mercy."

47- "Safâ Paşa Hâtun Tomb": It is a small place enclosed by a wall in the Şamlılar Quarter, behind the great fountain on the highway. It has been seen in old documents that "Safâ Paşa Hâtun," daughter of the emir of Amasya "Şâdgeldi Paşa," is buried there. Beside her lies "Yahşî Bey," thought to be her husband. Later "Mustafa Vâzıh Efendi," who wrote the history of (Amasya), was also buried beside them by his will.

48- "Taşköprülü Tomb": It is a room set aside for itself in the Kağnı Pazarı, behind the mescit on the road of the Üçler Quarter. In it is buried "Taşköprülü eş-Şeyh el-Hâc Abdullah Efendi," and in the room on the south side his son "eş-Şeyh Mehmed Ârif Efendi."

49- "Torumtay Tomb": North of the mosque that includes the "Gök Medrese," on the highway, it is a magnificent stone tomb counted among the finest of the Seljuk works in Amasya. From outside its four sides are adorned with flowers in relief; its qibla-facing facade appears more magnificent still. It is carved over the window on its qibla-facing facade that it was built in 677 [1278-79]. Its inscription is this:

An Arabic inscription meaning: "This tomb was built in the year 677, in the days of the state of the exalted sultan, helper of the world and the religion, lord of conquests, Keyhüsrev son of Kılıç Arslan (may God make his sovereignty eternal), by the weak servant in need of God's mercy, Torumtay son of Abdullah (may God forgive him)."

This exalted tomb, whose door faces east, is very high and is climbed by a stone staircase. In it is buried the governor of Amasya, beylerbeyi "Seyfeddîn Torumtay"; his sarcophagus is made very large of black marble and the Throne Verse (Âyetü'l-Kürsî) is written around it. His name and date of death are carved on his sarcophagus. On his left side are buried one of his children, "Ya'kûb Çelebi," his son "Mehmed Çelebi," his son "Alâeddîn Çelebi" and his son "Ebûbekir Çelebi"; on his right side, of Seljuk descent, Tâceddîn Gâzi Çelebizâde, ruler of Sivas, "Kılıç Arslan-ı Selçûkî"; and at their feet "Tâceddîn" and "Gıyâseddîn" Çelebis, sons of Prince "Sultan Alâeddîn Bey," who died by strangulation while governor of Amasya. This situation is understood from inscriptions carved on frozen lime (plaster-lime mortar). In relation to "Kılıç Arslan-ı Selçûkî," later buried there, the tomb is also called "Kılıç Arslan Türbesi."

50- "Ayşe Gâzi Tomb": It is a place set aside for itself in the Şamlılar Quarter, north of the road going to the Şeyh İsmâil Şirvânî Tomb. It is square in form, large enough for two graves, and enclosed by stone tending to black. That "Gülnûş Bânû," wife of "Melik Dânişmend Ahmed Gâzi," founder of the Danishmendid State, and her daughter "Ayşe Gâzi" are buried here is among the local traditions. But a few persons were later buried over them.

51- "Ârif Efendi Tomb": It is within a garden on the south side of the road passing through the Çeribaşı Cemetery. There are buried Şehir Kethüdâsızâde "eş-Şeyh Mehmed Ârif Nakşbendî," beside him his son "eş-Şeyh Ahmed Kâmil Efendi" and relatives. That "Pîr Mehmed Çelebi," one of the notables of the beginning of the tenth hijri century, is also buried here is understood from the inscription of the stone placed at the head of the said sheikh.

52- "Abdurrahmân Baba Tomb": It is a place set aside for itself at the mountain's edge on the east side of the Savakça Quarter, and while until recent times it was a place visited by everyone, it has been lost. While there were the lodge and the fountain in front of it of His Excellency "Erzincânî Abdurrahmân-ı Halvetî," buried here, in time all have vanished.

53- "Abdurrahmân Muslihî Tomb": East of the İskender Memi Çelebi Tomb, in the same line, it is a garden enclosed by four walls. There are buried the judge of Amasya "Molla Beylik Abdurrahmân Muslihî," his father "Mehmed Şâh" and his son "Mahmûd Çelebi." Qur'an juz volumes were endowed (to be read) by Abdurrahmân Muslihî.

54- "Osmân Bey Tomb": It is southeast of the Sultan Bayezid Mosque. It is a magnificent and lofty tomb made of stone all over, with a masonry dome. That "Osmân Bey," son of "Sultan Ahmed," governor of Amasya, one of the princes of His Majesty Sultan Bayezid Han II, is buried in it is understood from the couplets carved over its door and from old records. It had a tomb keeper and juz readers.

55- "Acem Ali Tomb": It is within the garden on the qibla side of the Bâlî Bey Mosque in the Acem Ali Quarter. There are buried "Hoca el-Hâc Acem Ali Ağa," beside him the mosque's founder "Bâlî Bey" and his grandson "Îsâ Bey."

56- "Ali Çelebi Tomb": It is a small garden on the road in the Ahi Sa'deddîn Quarter. There are buried the mufti of Amasya, one of the famous scholars, "Mü'eyyedzâde Ali Çelebi," and his son the judge of Amasya "Abdülkerîm Efendi." Ali Çelebi endowed Qur'an juz volumes to his tomb.

57- "Îsâ Efendi Tomb" is likewise in the garden of his own house, west of the Üçler Mosque; "eş-Şeyh Îsâ el-Kırîmî," one of the Naqshbandi halifes, is buried here.

58- "Fahreddîn Cevherî Tomb": It is within the cemetery south of the Ok Meydanı, west of the "Kurd Boğan Tomb," and consists of four walls. There "Hoca Mehmed Cevherî" is buried, and it is understood from old documents that "Cemâleddîn Aksarâyîzâde Fahreddîn İlyâs-ı Rûmî," one of the famous virtuous persons, also lies beside him. The name "Fahreddîn Cevherî" is thought to be a mixture combined from the names of these two. Qur'an juz volumes were endowed by Hoca Mehmed Cevherî.

59- "Kadılar Tomb" (Tomb of the Judges): It is a large domed building at the edge of the Halifet Gâzi Cemetery, opposite his tomb. Its high north-facing facade is open, and its dome is in the form of a fish's back. In it are buried "Kadı Pîr Nizâmeddîn Mahmûd," "Kadı Pîr Şemseddîn Mehmed," and also the Çelebis "Şemseddîn Mehmed," judge of "Kedağra," and "İzzeddîn Hasan," judge of Konya.

60- "Kuba Evliyâsı Tomb": It is on a high hill in the Kuba Quarter. It is a small room enclosed by a masonry wall and covered on top by a wooden tiled roof. Here is buried "Kubalı Çelebizâde eş-Şeyh Hüsâmeddîn Hüseyin el-Halvetî," one of the honored great ones and of the sayyids descended from Hz. Husayn. He endowed Qur'an juz volumes, and it had a tomb keeper and juz readers.

61- "Kadem Paşa Tomb": It is above the İltekin Vineyards, near the İltekin Gâzi Tomb. There "Cihân Hâtun," famous as "Kadem Paşa," daughter of the emir of Amasya "Şâdgeldi Paşa," is buried. This lady has waqfs and juz volumes endowed to be read.

62- "Kutub Tomb": It is within the small cemetery on the east side of the Yörgüç Paşa Imaret, at the west corner. There is buried His Excellency "eş-Şeyh Ahmed el-Halvetî," famous as "Kutub Dede," halife of the righteous great one "Memi Dede." "Hacı Abdullahoğlu eş-Şeyh Mustafa Efendi," who was believed to discover the state of those in graves, was also buried beside this person by his will.

63- "Kurd Boğan Tomb": It is a large, masonry, lofty tomb within the cemetery south of the Ok Meydanı. Its dome and surroundings are sound, its foundation stone. In it is buried His Excellency "Pîr Şerefeddîn Hamza-i Halvetî," one of the distinguished halifes of His Excellency "Pîr İlyâs," one of the great saints. It had waqfs and juz volumes, and a tomb keeper and juz readers. The reason for its being famous by the name "Kurd Boğan" will be told in the second part.

64- "Gül Çiçek Hâtun Tomb": It is a room set aside for itself in the Câmi-i Enderûn Quarter, on the west side of the mosque. There "Gül Çiçek Hâtun," wife of Prince "Sultan Ahmed," governor of Amasya, is buried. It has waqfs and juz volumes endowed to be read.

65- "Kemâl Paşa Tomb": It is within a cemetery on the road southwest of the Aşağı Pîrler. Its surroundings and dome are of masonry, and it stands in a state about to collapse. It is recorded in the registers that in it are buried "Kemâleddîn Mehmed Paşa," one of the viziers of Sultan Bayezid Han II and grandfather of the şeyhülislam "Şemseddîn Ahmed Efendi," his son "Süleyman Çelebi," and "Dukakînzâde Ahmed Paşa," one of the viziers of His Majesty Sultan Selim Han I, who was killed in Amasya. "Mustafa Vâzıh Efendi" writes that their sarcophagi were removed by "Huzûrî Mehmed Efendi," who taught lessons there.

66- "Gümüşlüzâde Tomb": It is a small room set aside for itself behind the fountain at Selağzı. In it is buried His Excellency "Gümüşlüzâde eş-Şeyh Muhyiddîn Mehmed el-Halvetî," one of the righteous great ones.

67- "Mehmed Paşa Tomb": It is a separate place on the east side of the Mehmed Paşa Mosque. Its four sides and dome are of masonry, and the surface of the grave is about one and a half meters above the ground. In it is buried the mosque's founder, the Ottoman vizier "Mehmed Paşa"; north of the stone staircase before its door, at the head side, his father "Hızır Paşa" is buried. Although there is an inscription on his father's gravestone, there is none on Mehmed Paşa's.

68- "Musliheddîn Tomb": It is counted as a part of the garden enclosing the Abdurrahmân Muslihî Tomb in the Üçler Quarter, level with the east of the İskender Memi Çelebi Tomb. But according to the researches of this humble author, the tomb of Abdurrahmân Muslihî, his father Mehmed Şâh and his son Mahmûd Çelebi is the stones seen on the road, level with the east of the large fountain opposite the İskender Çelebi Tomb on the south; since the head and foot stones have been lost, no definite judgment could be given. It is relayed from persons who know the places of visitation of Amasya very well that those lying inside this garden are the mufti of Amasya and author of the Mahzenü'l-Fıkh, "Musliheddîn Mûsâ Efendi," his son "Abdurrahmân Efendi" and his grandson "Mehmed Şâh Efendi." God knows best.

69- "Mustafa Dede Tomb": It is a garden on the west side of the Küpceğiz Quarter and above the Şeyh Kırık Quarter. There are buried the famous mufti of Amasya, "Tokatlı es-Seyyid eş-Şeyh Mustafa Efendi," one of the great scholars and honored sayyids, his son "es-Seyyid İsmâil Efendi" and his grandson, one of the great scholars, "es-Seyyid eş-Şeyh Osmân Efendi."

70- "Malatyalı Sûfî Tomb": It is a garden enclosed by a wall in the Çeribaşı Cemetery, adjoining the eş-Şeyh Mehmed Ârif Efendi Tomb. In it are buried "Malatyalı Sûfî Mehmed Efendi," one of the righteous great ones and famous scholars; north of him, in front of the window, his son the mufti of Amasya "Mehmed Hulûsî Efendi"; on their west side his special disciple "İncezâde Hâfız Mehmed Ârif Efendi," and beside him his son "Hâfız Ahmed Necîb Efendi," one of the righteous great ones.

71- "Melik Gâzi Tomb": In Amasya a tomb place is shown by this name in three places. The first is the "Alagöz Baba Tomb" on the road on the west side of the Şamlılar Quarter; that "Melik Gâzi İsmâil Dânişmendî" is buried here is among the local traditions. The second is the "Şâdgeldi Paşa Tomb"; it is reported that someone named "Melik Gâzi" is buried here, but no information on this could be found in researches. The third is reported to be on the east side of the cemetery near the "Yörgüç Paşa Imaret"; according to the researches of this humble author, the "Melik Gâzi" who was the founder of the lodge is not buried there.

It is understood from excavations made that the tomb of this person is the small, square, empty plot level with the east of the "Halifet Gâzi Tomb." There are buried the beylerbeyi "Gâzi İsmâil Bey," who is understood from the writing carved on the gravestone to be among the Ottoman viziers, and his children. That the founder of the lodge near "Yörgüç Paşa" was also this person is understood from the names and qualifications written in his waqf deed.

72- "Memi Dede Tomb": It is a garden enclosed by a wall on the west edge of the road going to the Hacılar Meydanı. There are buried "eş-Şeyh Mehmed el-Halvetî," famous as "Memi Dede," one of the righteous great ones and famous scholars, his son "eş-Şeyh İbrâhim Efendi" and one of his halifes, "eş-Şeyh Hüsâmeddîn Hüseyin Efendi."

73- "Mansûr Baba Tomb": It is adjoining the Abdullatîf Efendi Library, in the garden of the lodge of Ak Hasanzâde el-Hâc Hâfız Hasan Ağa. In this garden are buried one of the sheikhs of the Halvetiyye, "eş-Şeyh İbrâhim Hakkı Efendi," beside him his halife "eş-Şeyh Mansûr Efendi," and his disciple, one of the notables of the city, "Kırmacızâde el-Hâc Mehmed Tevfîk Efendi."

74- "Mevlevîhâne Tomb": It is a large room set aside for itself inside the Mevlevîhâne on the east side of the Saraçhane Quarter. Although it is understood from the sharia registers that "eş-Şeyh Mehmed Ârif Dede," "Alâeddîn Ali Dede," "Osmân Sâkıb Dede," "Arab Sâlih Dede," "Ahmed Dede" and "Mehmed Sıdkî Dede" are buried there, who else lies there could not be understood. In any case I suppose that the Mevlevî sheikhs "Abdülkâdir Dede" and "Mahmûd Dede" are also buried here.

75- "Nasûh Baba Tomb": It is a place set aside for itself on the east side of the enclosed cemetery before the vineyards, on the qibla side of the road going to the Ok Meydanı. There are buried the imam of the "Sultan Bayezid Mosque," the famous preacher "eş-Şeyh Nasûh Efendi," one of the righteous great ones; near him "Iydîzâde Mustafa Âkif Efendi," one of the virtuous sheikhs, and "Mahmûd Efendi," son of "Çaycızâde el-Hâc Mehmed Efendi," one of the notables of the city.

76- "Yediler Tomb" (Tomb of the Seven): It is a place set aside for itself on the south side of the Üçler Quarter, behind the street opposite the Saka Sokağı and at the foot of the cemetery wall. Six of the seven emirs (sayyids) who won fame in the time of "Prince Sultan Ahmed" are buried here. The seventh, the famous mufti of Amasya "Koca Emîr es-Seyyid İbrâhim Efendi," is buried in Istanbul near "Ebû Eyyûb-ı Ensârî." Of these six it is certain that they are "Emîr Acem Gıyâseddîn Şîrâzî," "Küçük Emîr Sinan-ı Nîksârî," "Kubalı Emîr Şeref Hamza Çelebi" and "Emîr Akîl Çelebi"; that they are "Şehrî Emîr Mehmed Çelebi" and "Emîr Mazlûm Melik Çelebi" is doubtful.

77- "Ya'kûb-ı Halvetî Tomb": It is a place set aside for itself in a small cemetery at the street corner above the Gümüşlüzâde Quarter, north of the road going to the "Pîr İlyâs-ı Halvetî Tomb," opposite the westernmost end of the "Pîr İlyâs Cemetery." There are buried "eş-Şeyh Ya'kûb-ı Halvetî," one of the great sheikhs of known name and fame, his son the mufti of Amasya "Mustafa Efendi," and his other children and grandchildren. It is supposed that another "eş-Şeyh Ya'kûb Efendi" and "eş-Şeyh Abdullah Efendi" are also buried here.

78- "Yörgüç Paşa Tomb": It is a high room made of stone, set aside for itself, on the west side of the door of his mosque. There the governor of Amasya, one of the Ottoman viziers, "Yörgüç Paşa," and beside him his son "Yûnus Bey" and his daughter "Hundî Hâtun" are buried.

Although there are very many more stations and places of visitation in Amasya, since they are not exactly known they could not be written. The life stories of the persons whose tombs and personal stations are written, and the inscriptions reporting their dates of death, will be mentioned and written in the second part, God willing.

Her gûşe-i feyzinde birer âşık-ı şeydâ
Her kûy-ı kemâlinde birer şâir-i dânâ
Her zerre-i hâkinde biner feyz hüveydâ
Mestûr-ı kütübdür nice eş'âr-ı Amasya

(In every bountiful corner of it there is a mad lover, in every street full of perfection a learned poet; in every particle of its soil a thousand graces appear. Many poems of Amasya are written in books.)

Since Amasya, from its conquest, was the residence of rulers and sultans and the center of Muslim scholars, as one of the material and spiritual graces left by the lofty power of the Creator on this soil, very many lovers and poets have been raised from Amasya, and the distinguished poems of each remain written in the poets' tezkires (biographical anthologies).

As understood from the poets' tezkires written up to now, the first to say poetry (song) in the land of Anatolia, in the Turkish country, in the pure Turkish language, was the Amasyan "Babazâde Âşık Paşa." That the path this person, who arose at the beginning of the eighth hijri century, opened in Turkish literature was spread and widened, thanks to the interest the Ottoman sultans showed in Amasya, again by Amasyans is evident.

Among those known who followed this path in Amasya is first "Yâr Ali Çelebi," famous as "Divriklizâde Yârî." Then "Gümüşlüzâde Şemsî Paşa," "Âşık Paşalı Hamdî Çelebi," the defterdar "Gınâyî Çelebi," the sultan's secretary "Zihnî Çelebi," among the scholars "Dakîkî Çelebi" and "Ahmed Çelebi" of Germiyan won fame in the times when His Majesty "Çelebi Sultan Mehmed Han" reigned in Amasya.

Among these "Ahmedî, Hamdî, Şemsî" are famous. In the time of His Majesty "Sultan Murad Han II," in Amasya "Fettâhî" of Nishapur and "Şeyhî Paşa" and, of the judges, "Belâî Çelebi"; and in the time of His Majesty "Sultan Mehmed Han II," of the statesmen "Fehmî Çelebi" and "Sa'dî," and of the women "Zeyneb Hâtun," daughter of "Belâî Çelebi," won great fame.

In particular, when His Majesty "Sultan Bayezid Han II" was governor in Amasya for twenty-six years, and then his prince "Sultan Ahmed" for some thirty-two years, the servants of Ottoman literature multiplied; virtuous poets such as the Çelebis "Tâcî, Âfitâbî, Figânî, Kutbî, Münîrî, Ca'ferî and Sa'dî" appeared. Of these the Çelebis "Tâcî Beyzâde Ca'ferî" and "Sa'dî" won fame as persons without equal in Istanbul. Among women, the Amasyan "Mihrî Hâtun" was among the wonders of this period. Among the Amasyans counted among the statesmen of His Majesty "Sultan Selim Han I," the Efendis "Rahîmî, Refîkî, Keşfî" and "Rûhî" became very famous in learning, literature and the pen; and in the time of His Majesty "Sultan Süleyman Han I" too, Amasyan poets such as "Ânî, Hızrî, Zamânî, Fikrî" and "Edâyî" won fame by gaining the approval of the virtuous persons of that century. After them "Hâtifî, Kelâmî," several "Abdî," "Şevkî," "Şeyhî" and "Sıdkî"; after these "Iydî, Âtıf, Âkif, Sa'îd" and "Nâilî"; later "Kâşif, Sârim, Âsım"; then the Efendis "Nigârî, Sâdık, Kâmil" and very many poets whose names are not written here were raised from the Sanjak of Amasya.

Toprağı edilmiş ezelî aşk ile tahmîr
Hem cevher-i hüsn etmiş onun zâtını tenvîr
Her san'at u dânişde yetişdirdi meşâhîr
İbrâz-ı fezâ'il eder ahrâr-ı Amasya

(Its soil has been kneaded with primordial love; the jewel of beauty has also illumined its essence. In every art and every knowledge it raised famous men; the noble people of Amasya display their virtues.)

As mentioned in the Zeyl-i Atâyî, "Amasya has been since ancient times a generous breeding ground of valuable scholars and an unequaled mine of famous virtuous persons"; all the biographical books are just witnesses that it is a blessed city that has shown very great generosity in raising complete experts in every branch of the sciences and arts of humanity. As for the extraordinary mastery the Amasyans showed in the art of calligraphy, counted among the fine arts, far from emulating it, the art lovers of all ages accept that no expert could be found who could imitate it. The unequaled writings of "Yâkût-ı Musta'sımî," written in the tezkires of the famous calligraphers the Efendis "İbrâhim Nefîsî," "Hüseyin Hâmid" and "Müstakîmzâde Sa'deddîn" to be an Amasyan, and of "Şeyhzâde Hamdullâh Efendi," certainly an Amasyan, not one of the world's many calligraphers has succeeded in imitating, though they made great efforts.

In particular, that the Amasyan "Abdullah Efendi," famous as "Üstad," the Amasyan "Köse Muhyiddîn Efendi," famous by the name "Pûlâd Dest" (Steel Hand), and his brother "Cemâleddîn Efendi," their father "Celâleddîn Efendi," "Şükrullâh Halîfe," son-in-law and cousin of "Hamdullâh Efendi," famous by the epithets "Kıbletü'l-Hattâtîn" (qibla of the calligraphers) and "Şeyhu'l-Hattâtîn" (sheikh of the calligraphers), and such as the Amasyans "Abdullah-ı Sânî," "Mustafa Dede" and "Dervîş Mehmed Dede" were among the world-class calligraphers very rarely raised in the Ottoman land is a matter on which everyone agrees. Just as each of the said "Yâkût" and "Hamdullâh" opened a new way in his own art, it is historically established that another unequaled writing among the fine arts, the siyakat script, was invented by another Amasyan, "Tâcîzâde Ca'fer Çelebi." The like of these three calligraphers, each a path-opener, has not come until now. As those who read the calligraphers' tezkires know, among the "Rûm calligraphers" (the calligraphers of the Ottoman land) those who won the most fame are mostly Amasyans. For this reason, in the fine art of calligraphy the Amasyans have become "the masters of everyone."

That very many experts have been raised from among the Amasyans in the sharia and rational sciences such as Qur'anic exegesis, hadith, the principles of jurisprudence (usul), jurisprudence (fürû'), theology (kelam), wisdom (hikmet) and logic is a clear witness that what has been submitted up to here is not poetic praise but a historical reality. Of the Amasyans counted as "Allâme" (very great scholar) as experts in all these sciences, the equal of such persons as "Mü'eyyedzâde Abdurrahmân Efendi," "Tâcî Beyzâde Sa'dî Çelebi," "Kemâl Paşazâde Ahmed Şemseddîn Efendi," "Ca'fer Efendizâde Hızır Efendi," "Mustafa Âkif Efendi" and "Següköylüzâde Mehmed Kâşif Efendi" seems not to have come in the Ottoman land. In particular "Ahmed Şemseddîn Efendi," grandson of "Kemâl Paşa" who is buried in Amasya, was among the figures known among the scholars of later periods as a "müctehid-i müntesib" (a scholar who exercises independent judgment while remaining attached to a school).

Among Amasyans who were experts in the science of Qur'anic exegesis, "İbrîzâde Molla Muhyiddîn Çelebi," the famous imam "Molla Bahşî Halîfe," the kazasker "Muhaşşî Sinan Efendi," "Sinan Efendi," sheikh of the Harem, who was another Sinan Efendi, "es-Seyyid Ahmed Efendi," famous as "Emîr Müderris," and "Nâbî Efendi," author of an exegesis, were among the great commentators.

Among Amasyans who were experts in the science of hadith, together with these persons, "Şermîzâde Hâfız Osmân Takiyyeddîn Efendi," the mufti of his age "Şeyhî Mehmed Efendi," the Amasyan sheikh of reciters (kurrâ) with the title "Umdetü'l-Muhaddisîn" (support of the hadith scholars) "Yûsuf Efendizâde Abdullah Efendi," the famous hadith scholar "Mü'ezzinzâde Süleyman Efendi" and "Sarı Ahmedzâde Hâfız Mehmed Efendi" were among the great hadith scholars.

There were very many Amasyan experts in usul and fürû', among whom "Şeyh Hamîdzâde Hamîdeddîn Efendi," "Cemâlîzâde Alâeddîn Ali Efendi," "Şeyh İmâdzâde Musliheddîn Mûsâ Efendi," "İbrâhim Kemâleddîn Efendi," "Seydî Alizâde Kazasker Abdurrahmân Efendi," "Nefeszâde Mustafa Efendi," "Bayrâmzâde Kazasker Hasan Efendi," "Pîrîzâde Hüseyin Efendi," "Mütevellîzâde Ahmed Efendi," "Çelebizâde Hüseyin Efendi" and "Fenârcızâde el-Hâc Mehmed Efendi" were among the great usulists and jurists.

Among Amasyans who were experts in the exalted science of tasawwuf, His Excellencies "Gümüşlüzâde Pîr İlyâs-ı Halvetî," "Pîr Şerefeddîn Hamza-i Halvetî," "Pîr Sun'ullâh-ı Halvetî," "Pîr Abdurrahmân-ı Halvetî," "Cemâlîzâde Pîr Mehmed Çelebi Halife," "Mü'eyyedzâde Abdurrahîm Efendi," "Gümüşlüzâde Muhyiddîn Efendi," "İmâmzâde Abdurrahîm Efendi," who was another Abdurrahîm Efendi, "Kutub Ahmed Efendi," "Kadızâde Küçük Mehmed Efendi," the master of his age "eş-Şeyh Sâlih-i Halvetî" and "Şeyhzâde eş-Şeyh Ahmed Rüşdî Efendi" (may God sanctify their secrets) are very famous.

The number of Amasyans who were experts in the necessary sciences such as kelam, hikmet and logic reaches a total hard to count. Most of the persons listed above were experts in these rational sciences too; since such as "Müftüzâde Sarı Osmân Efendi," "Abdullah Efendi," "Hâfız Mehmed Efendi" and their like are very many, and since the second part undertakes the life stories of persons who were experts or amateurs in all branches of the sciences and arts, giving up counting them here was preferred.

Notes and Research

Old Words in the Text

• hazîre: a small cemetery with an enclosure beside a mosque or tomb
• hücre-i mahsûsa: a room set aside for itself
• medfûn: buried
• eczâ-yı şerîfe: Qur'an juz volumes; "to endow eczâ" means to allot income for the reading of the Qur'an at the head of a grave
• cüzhân: a person who reads juz in return for a waqf
• türbedâr: the official who looks after the upkeep of a tomb
• mevrûs: inherited
• kerîme / mahdûm / hafîd: daughter / son / grandson
• halîle / zevc: wife / husband
• vesâ'ik-i atîka / kuyûd-ı atîka: old documents / old records
• an'anât-ı mahalliye: local traditions, local account
• mahkûk: carved
• mahnûkan: by strangulation
• müşrif-i harâb: about to collapse
• sicillât-ı şer'iyye: the registers of the kadı court
• sâhib-i keşf-i kubûr: a person believed to know the state of those in graves
• tezâkir-i şu'arâ: poets' tezkires, books of poets' biographies
• muhteri': inventor, one who opens a new way
• menbet: breeding ground
• müctehid-i müntesib: a scholar who exercises independent judgment while remaining attached to a school

The Present State of the Tombs

These pages are the continuation of the list of tombs Hüsameddin began in the previous section and cover thirty-four tombs in the second half of the alphabet. When we compare the list with today, we see that some of the buildings he lists remain standing and some are known only through his record. Kadir Özköse, who works on the Halvetî lodges and tombs in Amasya, relying largely on Hüsameddin and on İlyas Budak's book Amasya ve Halvetilik, has also noted their present state. According to this, the Abdurrahman Baba Tomb in the Savakça (Savadiye) Quarter, until recently one of the city's important places of visitation, has lost its site. Abdurrahman Celâleddin Erzincânî, who lies here, was the son of Kasım b. Ömer of Erzincan; he completed his Sufi training with Safiyyüddin Erdebîlî, came to the city during Kutlu Şah's emirate of Amasya, founded a lodge in Savadiye, and died in 775 [1373-74]. Hüsameddin's calling him "Halvetî" does not agree fully with this information; that a sheikh attached to Erdebîlî came later to be remembered within Amasya's Halvetî memory is an interesting detail.

Of the Gümüşlüzâde Tomb at Selağzı no trace remains today. The Memi Dede Tomb on the Hacılar Meydanı road was demolished when a road was passed beside it; today beneath the Tokat road there is a marble grave in Memi Dede's name. The Mansur Baba Tomb adjoining the Abdullatif Efendi Library was on the site of today's municipal building, and nothing is left of it either. The Kutub Tomb too disappeared together with the old cemetery east of the Yörgüç Paşa Mosque. It is recorded that Şeyh Ahmed Halvetî, known as Kutub Dede, had a lodge built in 1018 [1609] on the street opening to the west gate of the Bayezid Mosque and was himself the first sheikh of this lodge. On the other hand the Kuba Evliyası Tomb has not wholly disappeared but has changed form: in the place Hüsameddin describes as "a small room covered with wooden tiles" there stands today, in the Çakallar Quarter, the domed Kuba Mosque built by benefactors of Amasya, and the grave of Kubalı Çelebizâde Şeyh Hüseyin Halvetî is inside this mosque. Kubalı Çelebizâde was a student and son-in-law of Pîr Abdurrahman Çelebi, son of Pîr İlyas; he served as professor at the Atabey Gazi and as judge in Tokat and Sivas.

The Şeyh Zekeriyya Tomb at the head of the list must be sought in the garden of the Saraçhane Mosque. The farm in Hakala, inherited from his father, that Şeyh Zekeriyya endowed to his tomb is today in the village of Yolpınar, attached to the Suluova district. Zekeriyya Halvetî is among the sheikhs who gained broad influence in Amasya after Pîr İlyas; his halife İğnecizâde Safiyyüddin Mahmud (Musa) Halvetî won the trust of Bayezid II during his princehood, did not accept the high posts he offered when Bayezid came to the throne, continued teaching Qur'anic exegesis and hadith at the Saraçhane Mosque, and died in 893 [1487-88]. The location Hüsameddin gives for the Ya'kûb-ı Halvetî Tomb, the western end of the Pîr İlyas Cemetery, is repeated exactly in Halvetî studies; no record on its present condition was found.

The Torumtay Tomb and Its Inscription

The most important building in the list is undoubtedly the Torumtay Tomb, which stands today opposite the Gökmedrese Mosque. The year 677 in the inscription corresponds to 1278-79. The "Keyhüsrev son of Kılıç Arslan" named in the inscription is Gıyâseddin Keyhüsrev III, who was put on the throne as a child after the killing of Kılıcarslan IV and reigned between 1266 and 1282; that is, the tomb was built in a period when Mongol pressure had grown very heavy and state affairs were in fact in the hands of Muînüddin Pervâne. Torumtay is mentioned in the sources as governor of Amasya in 1267; the Gökmedrese Mosque is also his work.

Hüsameddin's description agrees with present architectural-history knowledge. The tomb is of rectangular plan, covered with a vault, and two-storied; it is built chiefly of cut stone, and the inner walls laid with rubble stone and the brick vault remain under plaster. The staircases and the buttresses supporting the walls form projections on the body walls. While in Seljuk tombs the decoration is generally concentrated around the door and windows, here it has been carried to the upper parts of the building. Hüsameddin's saying "its qibla-facing facade is more magnificent" describes the south facade, regarded today as the finest example of stonework, especially the high reliefs at the two upper corners of this facade. In the crypt on the lower floor, Torumtay's sarcophagus and the verses in celî script on it are still in place.

Among those lying in the tomb, one must dwell on the sons of "Prince Sultan Alâeddin Bey, who died by strangulation while governor of Amasya," whom Hüsameddin mentions. Prince Alâeddin Ali, son of Murad II, served as sanjak governor of Amasya in 1442-1443. But according to some sources the prince died in 1443, returning from the Karamanid campaign, in a riding accident near Bursa and was buried in the Muradiye Complex in Bursa, in a room adjoining the tomb of Murad II. Hüsameddin's sentence can be read in two ways as to whether it ties the word "by strangulation" to the prince or to his sons. Whichever is meant, the information that the prince himself lies in Bursa does not conflict with his sons' having been buried in the Torumtay Tomb in Amasya. On the cause of death of these two small princes no record other than Hüsameddin was found in the sources we examined.

The Kadılar and Şadgeldi Tombs

The Kadılar Tomb stands today in the Gökmedrese (formerly Recep) Quarter, opposite the Halifet Gazi Tomb. The covering Hüsameddin calls "its dome in the form of a fish's back" is in fact a slightly swelling pointed barrel vault; its north facade is in the form of a great arched iwan formed by the vault's opening outward. The building has no inscription. Judging by the earliest dates on the sarcophagi, it is accepted to have been built between 1369 and 1375, in the period of Hacı Şadgeldi Paşa's emirate of Amasya. That the name "İmâd" appears on one of the sarcophagi and that the founder of the adjoining Kadılar Fountain is Mehmed bin İmâd suggests that those lying here belong to this family of judges. Inside there are today four graves without gravestones and two children's graves; the sarcophagi and gravestones have been moved to the Amasya Museum. İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı writes that in the tomb there were seven marble sarcophagi belonging to the family of judges and that the small sarcophagus belonged to Seyfeddin Sungur. The kaza Hüsameddin calls "Kedağra" is today's Vezirköprü. One detail we should also point out: while in this edition of the book the name of the judge of Konya appears as "İzzeddîn Hasan," in a new study referring to Hüsameddin the same person is called "İzzeddin Mehmed."

Şâdgeldi Paşa, whom Hüsameddin mentions on the occasion of two tombs, was the second eldest son of Hacı Kutlu Şah and served as emir of Amasya from 1359 until his death in 1381. At first he remained attached to Eretna Bey, and after his death he established a de facto independent emirate. His own tomb stands southwest of the Kadılar Tomb, opposite the Halifet Gazi Tomb, as a fourteenth-century building very like it, of rectangular plan, vaulted, with an iwan. On the Safâ Paşa Hâtun whom Hüsameddin mentions as a daughter of Şâdgeldi Paşa and on Cihân Hâtun, known as "Kadem Paşa," no information was found in other sources. Mustafa Vâzıh Efendi, who was buried beside Safâ Paşa Hâtun, is the local historian who wrote a work on Amasya at the beginning of the nineteenth century and to whom Hüsameddin often refers.

The Tombs of Prince Osman, Mehmed Paşa and Kemal Paşa

The Prince Osman Tomb southeast of the Bayezid Mosque stands. The building, of square plan and domed, is laid in a wall technique of cut stone with three courses of brick bond beams, and a wooden entrance eave resting on a post has been added in front. The verse inscription over the door that Hüsameddin mentions is not in place today; it is recorded that this inscription gives the year 919 [1513] by the ebced calculation. The tomb is accepted to belong to Prince Osman, son of Prince Ahmed, son of Bayezid II, whom Yavuz Sultan Selim had put to death in 1513. In some sources it is said instead that Osman died at a young age. Inside there is no sarcophagus today; yet Uzunçarşılı had written that there was a marble sarcophagus here.

On the Mehmed Paşa Tomb there is a clear difference between Hüsameddin and present research. The mosque's founder is Hızır Paşazâde Mehmed Paşa (d. 900/1495), vizier of Bayezid II and lala of Prince Ahmed; according to the mosque's inscription construction was completed in Muharram 891 [January 1486]. The tomb measures 4.60 x 3.85 meters and is covered by an eight-segment dome resting on an octagonal drum. Hüsameddin says that Mehmed Paşa lies inside the tomb and his father Hızır Paşa outside, beside the staircase before the door. Present study, however, reports that the sarcophagus inside the tomb has no inscription, that Mehmed Paşa's grave is outside the tomb, the second grave before the door, that the first grave belongs to his father Hızır Paşa, and the third to the Halvetî sheikh Habib Karamânî. Hüsameddin's attributing the uninscribed grave to Mehmed Paşa appears to be a conjecture. The mosque and tomb were ruined in the earthquake of 1939 and repaired by the Directorate of Foundations.

The most important information Hüsameddin gives on the Kemal Paşa Tomb is that Dukakinzâde Ahmed Paşa is buried here, and this information is also confirmed by present sources. Yavuz Sultan Selim spent the winter in Amasya after the victory of Chaldiran. As the army entered the city the janissaries rose in revolt and plundered the people's goods, and some time later they stormed the houses of Vizier Pîrî Mehmed Paşa and the sultan's teacher Halîmî Çelebi. In the investigation it was found that among the instigators was also Dukakinzâde Ahmed Paşa, who had been made grand vizier on 18 December 1514; the pasha was first dismissed, then killed on 18 Muharram 921 [4 March 1515], and his body was buried in the tomb in Amasya of Kemal Paşa, grandfather of Kemalpaşazâde. As for Kemal Paşa's identity, it is noted in his grandson's biography that he served as lala to Bayezid II; Hüsameddin's calling him "vizier" is in this respect an extended title. His son Süleyman Çelebi was appointed in 879 [1474] as guardian (muhafız) of Amasya and was in the retinue of Prince Bayezid.

Kemalpaşazâde Ahmed Şemseddin Efendi (d. 940/1534), whom Hüsameddin praises as "grandson of Kemal Paşa buried in Amasya," is one of the greatest scholars of the Ottomans. His being counted an Amasyan is disputed: some sources write that he was born in Tokat, others in Edirne; the view that he was an Amasyan rests directly on Hüsameddin's book. It is known that he received his first education from the scholars of Amasya. He died in Istanbul and was buried outside Edirnekapı.

The Kurtboğan Tomb

The Kurtboğan Tomb at the Ok Meydanı stands today, and on the site of this square there is now the railway station. The building, left from the early Ottoman period, is a baldachin tomb, domed, with brick transitions, resting on four large stone piers; it is counted among the largest baldachin tombs in Anatolia. Gravestones belonging to two different periods are preserved in the Amasya Archaeology and Mummy Museum. The epithet "Kurtboğan" (Wolf-Strangler), the reason for whose name Hüsameddin leaves to the next section, is told among the people as follows: on the night the sheikh was buried, a wolf that was opening the new graves attacked his grave too, and the next morning those who came to visit found the wolf dead and the sheikh's hand outside the grave.

Pîr Şerefeddin Hamza, who lies in the tomb today, is accepted in some sources as the same person as Şeyh Hamza, father of Akşemseddin, teacher of Mehmed the Conqueror. It is known that Akşemseddin's father was Şeyh Hamza, of Suhrawardi descent, who came with his son to Anatolia in 799 [1396-97] and settled in Kavak, then attached to Amasya. Yet for the same person other places give discordant dates, such as arriving in Amasya in 1383 and dying in 1415. Hüsameddin presents the person in this tomb only as one of the distinguished halifes of Pîr İlyas and makes no link with Akşemseddin. Although this identification is widespread, to what extent it is supported by documents is not clear.

The Müeyyedzâde Family

The "Müeyyedzâde Ali Çelebi" whom he says lies in the Ali Çelebi Tomb is Alâeddin Ali Çelebi, father of the famous scholar Müeyyedzâde Abdurrahman Efendi. The family belongs to the well-known Divriklizâde family of Amasya and takes the epithet "Müeyyedzâde" from the Kazeruni sheikh Şemseddin Müeyyed Çelebi. Alâeddin Ali Çelebi was the sheikh of the Yâkut Paşa Lodge; when Prince Bayezid was sent as governor of Amasya in 865 [1461], he became his chancellor (nişancı). Hüsameddin's calling him "mufti" differs from this information. His son Abdurrahman Efendi was born in Amasya in Safar 860 [January 1456], rose as far as the kazaskership of Rumeli, and died in 922 [1516] and was buried at Eyüp. "Divriklizâde Yârî," that is, Yâr Ali Çelebi, whom Hüsameddin put at the head of the poets' list, is also from the same family; in the third volume of his book Hüsameddin presents him as great-grandfather of Müeyyedzâde and son-in-law of Şemseddin Müeyyed Çelebi.

On the List of Poets

Hüsameddin's linking the beginning of Turkish poetry in Anatolia to the Amasyan "Babazâde Âşık Paşa" is one of the clearest examples of his love of Amasya. Âşık Paşa was born in 670 [1272] in Kırşehir, a poet and mystic whose real name was Ali; he died on 13 Safar 733 [3 November 1332] again in Kırşehir and was buried there in his tomb built on a hill northeast of the city. His link with Amasya comes through his family: his grandfather Baba İlyas came from Khorasan in the thirteenth century, settled in Amasya and was one of the leaders of the Babaî uprising. The epithet "Babazâde" also points to this line of Baba İlyas. His journey of death also came upon him in Kırşehir, on the way back to Amasya. Âşık Paşa's Garibnâme of twelve thousand couplets, written in 730 [1330], is one of the oldest and most influential works of Turkish Sufi literature in Anatolia and was written in plain Turkish with the aim of educating the people. But that the influence of Yunus Emre and Mevlânâ is plainly seen in this work shows that it is not possible to count it the "first poetry" in the Turkish language.

When the information Hüsameddin gives on women poets is compared with present research, a notable confusion emerges. Hüsameddin presents Zeyneb Hâtun, a poet of the time of Mehmed the Conqueror, as "daughter of the judge Belâî Çelebi." Yet according to new research the father of Zeyneb Hâtun is the judge Mehmed Çelebi; it is also noted separately that on this point Hüsameddin gives the name "Belâî." Kadı Hasan Amasyevî, who wrote poetry under the pen name "Belâyî," is, however, the father of Mihrî Hâtun; Mihrî's grandfather is the Halvetî sheikh Pîr İlyas. That the name Belâî has been tied to the fathers of two women poets at once suggests that Hüsameddin may have confused two pieces of family information. In the later sources Zeyneb Hâtun is written to have died in 879 [1474] and the site of her grave is not known; Hüsameddin's placing her in the time of Mehmed the Conqueror agrees with this date.

Mihrî Hâtun, as Hüsameddin calls her "the wonder of this period," is among the best-known figures of the literary milieu formed around the princely palace during the governorships in Amasya of Bayezid II and then of Prince Ahmed. She spent her life in Amasya and expressed this in her divan. Her date of death is generally given in present studies as 912 [1506]; but an entry in a gratuities (in'âmât) register that she sent an ode to Bayezid II on 27 Zilhicce 917 [16 March 1512] shows that she died after this date. She was buried in the hazîre at the lodge of her grandfather Pîr İlyas. Her divan contains about two hundred and fifty ghazals, and a copy of her divan bearing the seal of Bayezid II is today in the Süleymaniye Library.

Calligraphers and the Siyakat Script

Among Hüsameddin's praises concerning the art of calligraphy, the claim that most needs to be read carefully is that Yâkût el-Müsta'sımî was an Amasyan. Yâkût is the great calligrapher who fixed the classical proportions of the six kinds of script called aklâm-ı sitte and who is mentioned by the epithet "kıbletü'l-küttâb." According to the sources, he was brought as a captive at a young age from the land of Rum, that is, Anatolia, to Baghdad, was bought by the last Abbasid caliph Musta'sim-Billah, and took his nisba from him. Although it has been put forward that he was of Amasyan Turkish or Greek origin, there is no sound evidence supporting this; there are also those who say he was Abyssinian. He died in Baghdad, and the date of death given by his contemporaries is 698 [1299]. That Hüsameddin uses two different degrees, saying for Yâkût "it is written in the tezkires that he is an Amasyan" and for Şeyh Hamdullah "it is certain that he is an Amasyan," shows that he too is aware of this difference.

Şeyh Hamdullah's being an Amasyan is indeed certain. He was born in the Eslem Hatun (popularly İslam, today Dere) quarter of Amasya; Müstakimzâde puts his birth at 840 [1436], while other researchers give between 830 and 833 [1426-1430]. In Amasya he received a license in the aklâm-ı sitte from Hayreddin Mar'aşî, became the calligraphy teacher of Prince Bayezid, and is accepted as the founder of the Ottoman school of calligraphy. He died in 926 [1520]. The epithets "kıbletü'l-küttâb" and "şeyhu'l-hattâtîn" that Hüsameddin mentions also appear in the sources.

The claim that the siyakat script was "invented" by Tâcîzâde Câfer Çelebi, however, does not agree with present knowledge. It is accepted that siyakat appeared in the time of the Abbasids, was used among the Seljuks and other Islamic states, and passed to the Ottomans through Iran, especially by way of the Ilkhanids. Siyakat, seen among the Ottomans in the fifteenth century in administrative and financial records, was improved by Hüsâm-ı Rûmî, waqf clerk of Mehmed the Conqueror, and by Tâcîzâde Câfer Çelebi, and new arrangements were made in official records. Câfer Çelebi's share is in this respect not an invention but an important reform; it is also noted that he likewise reformed the tughra and divani scripts and opened a new path in divan chancery writing. Câfer Çelebi was born in Amasya in Shaban 856 [August 1452]; the only source on his family is again Hüsameddin's work called Nişancılar Durağı. While kazasker in the time of Yavuz Sultan Selim, he was counted among the instigators of the janissary revolt and executed on 8 Receb 921 [18 August 1515]; he was buried by his brother Sa'dî Çelebi in the hazîre of his mescit in Balat, Istanbul. The "Tâcî" Hüsameddin mentions among the poets is the father of these two brothers, Tâcî Bey, the defterdar of Prince Bayezid in Amasya.

Bibliography

Primary sources

• Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar, Amasya Tarihi, Amasya Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, 2022, vol. 1, p. 142–147. amasya.bel.tr

Academic studies

• Kadir Özköse, "Amasya'da Bulunan Halvetiyye Tekkeleri", Akademiar Dergisi, no. 5, Ankara 2018, p. 91-118. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/606666
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Official sources

• Amasya İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü, "Torumtay Türbesi". https://amasya.ktb.gov.tr/TR-59537/torumtay-turbesi.html
• T.C. Amasya Valiliği, "Türbeler". https://www.amasya.gov.tr/turbeler
• "Şadgeldi Türbesi", Kültür Portalı. https://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/amasya/gezilecekyer/sadgeld-turbes
• "Sultan II. Bayezid Külliyesi", Amasya İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü. https://amasya.ktb.gov.tr/TR-59535/sultan-ii-bayezid-kulliyesi.html

Books

• Selim Özcan, "Kadılar Türbesi", Online Türkiye Turizm Ansiklopedisi, 2019. https://turkiyeturizmansiklopedisi.com/kadilar-turbesi

Other sources

• "Torumtay Türbesi", Vikipedi. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torumtay_Türbesi
• "Şehzade Alâaddin", Vikipedi. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Şehzade_Alâaddin
• "Hacı Şadgeldi", Vikipedi. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hacı_Şadgeldi
• "Kurtboğan Türbesi", Kültür Envanteri. https://kulturenvanteri.com/en/yer/kurtbogan-turbesi-amasya/