Amasyalıdır. Amasya’da türbesi ziyâret-gâh olan Halvetîye küberâsından İğnecizâde Hazreti Pîr Safiyyüddîn [527] Halvetî evlâd-ı kirâmından Mehmed Efendi bin Abdurrahman Efendi bin Pîr Ahmed Çelebi bin Pîr Safiyyüddîn Mahmûd Çelebi bin eş-Şeyh Seyyüdiddîn Ahmed Çelebi bin Pîr Şerefeddîn Hamza Çelebi bin Seyyüdiddîn Ahmed Çelebi bin İğneci Mûsâ bin Hamza mahdûmu ve Hâce-i Sultânî Ömer Efendi’nin birâderidir. Bunlar “İğnecizâdelikle” meşhûrdur.
Amasya’da meşâhîr-i fuzalâ ve üdebâdan Turabî Mustafa ve Harşeneli İbrâhim Efendilerden ikmâl-i tahsîl edib ders-i âm ve Atabeg Gâzi müderrisi oldu. Teşrifât defterinde görüldüğü üzere Atabeg müderrisliğinden 1027 senesi recebinde Sivas defterdârı 1028’de Karaman Beylerbeyi oldu.
Çünkü büyük birâderi Ömer Efendi Sultân Osmân-ı Sânînin mu’allimi ve müsteşar-ı saltanatı idi. 1029 recebinin yirmi dördünde Teke sancağıyla Haleb Defterdârı, 1030 senesi rebîülevvelinde Batum ve 1031 senesi gurre-i muharreminde Trabzon Beylerbeyi oldu. Sene-i mezbûre recebi evâ’ilinde zuhur eden hâ’ile de birâderinin devleti hitâma erdiğinden ma’zûlen Amasya’ya geldi. [528]
1032’de Amasya ve Niksar’da kâin ba’zı hassalarla ikâmete me’mûr olup yedi yıl açıkta kaldı. Bu esnâda bazen Bâyezîd Paşa ve bazen Hüseyin ve Firûz Ağalar vakfı tevliyetleriyle kayırıldı. Fakat “Kehleli” şöhretini aldı.
1038’de Hüftadî Bey hâ’ilesinden dolayı Amasya a’yânıyla beraber İstanbul’a celb ve Yedikule zindânında hapsedildi. Birkaç mah sonra sadr-ı a’zam Hüsrev Paşa’nın himmetiyle afv ve itlâk edilip 1039’da sânîyen Batum Beylerbeyi oldu. 1042’de sânîyen Trabzon Beylerbeyi olup 1043 senesi şevvâlinde ma’zûlen Amasya’ya geldi. 1045 senesi cumâdelâhiresinde Dördüncü Sultân Murâd Hân Amasya’ya gelip müşârün-ileyhin konağına indikte nâ’il-i iltifât-ı padişâhî olup Sultân Bâyezîd evkâf-ı tevliyeti uhdesine ihsân edildi.
1046 zilka’desi evâilinde Sadr-ı a’zam Bayram Paşa Amasya’ya geldikte sabıka-yı ma’rifete binâ’en sâlisen Trabzon Beylerbeyi olup 1047 şevvâlinde ma’zûl ve 1048 senesi gurre-i [529] muharreminde Amasya mutasarrıfı olarak Bağdâd harbine gidip zilka’desinde mecruhen avdet ve 1050 senesi safer’inde ma’zûlen Amasya’da ikâmet etdi.
1052 senesi rebiülevvelinde Sivas ve 1053 zilka’desinde Mar’aş Beylerbeyi olup 1054’de ma’zûlen Amasya’ya gelip yine evkâf-ı Sultânîye mütevellîsi ve 1057 saferinin evâ’ilinde sânîyen Amasya mutasarrıfı ve 1058 muharremi evâ’ilinde naklen Trabzon vâlîsi olup gitdi.
1058 senesi şevvâlinin yirmi birinde sâlisen Amasya Mutasarrıfı olarak Girit harbine me’mûr olup mahdûmu Amasya Alaybeyi Mustafa Bey’le gitdi. Zilhiccede mahdûmu şehîd ve kendisi mecrûh olarak avdet etdi.
1059 recebi gurresinde Anadolu Beylerbeyi Köprülü Mehmed Paşa’ya Amasya Sancağı has verildiğinden ma’zûl olup Amasya’da oturdu. 1062’de Sivas, 1064’de Erzurum vâlîsi olup ba’de’l-azl İbşir Paşa’nın sadâreti evâsıtında 1065’de Kıbrıs Beylerbeyi ve muhâfızı oldu. 1066 senesi ramazânında Sivas Eyaleti uhdesine tevcih [530] edilen vezîr Seydi Ahmed Paşa’yı iknâ’a me’mûr ve muvaffak olduğundan Anadolu Beylerbeyi oldu. 1067 recebinde ma’zûl ve 1068 senesi şa’bânında Abaza Hasan Paşa’ya uyar endişesiyle râbi’an Amasya mutasarrıfı oldu.
Abaza Hasan Paşa, kendisine vezâret va’d ederek Köprülü Mehmed Paşa aleyhinde kıyâm ve isyâna iştirâk etmesini teklif etdiğinde cevab-ı red verdi. Bu teklifi duyan Köprülü Mehmed Paşa tarafından sene-i mezbûre zilka’desi evâhirinde azledildi.
1069 senesi cumâdelahiresinde kuru bir töhmetle bîçârenin bütün emvâl ve emlâkı müsâdere edildi. Hengâm-i Pîrî de bu felaketden fevkalâde müte’essir olup şa’bânın yirmiyedinci günü dâr-ı naîme irtihâl etdi. Ceddi Pîr Safiyeddîn Halvetî Türbesi’nde medfûndur.
Âlim, hesab işlerine aşinâ, kâtib, natûk, edebiyat ve muhâzarâta vâkıf, halîm, sahî, âl-i himmet, vatanına pek merbut, bâb-ı keremî, herkese ve hassaten fukara ve muhtâcîne açık bir hânedân idi. Müsâderesi [531] ve sonra vefâtı halkı için bir musibet oldu.
İçerişehirde konağı önünde mükemmel bir çeşme binâ ve birkaç mescidi tamir edib Sarachâne Câmii ittisâlinde kâin Şâdgeldi Paşa’nın “Dâru’l-ilm” nâmıyla yaptırdığı medrese harâb olduğundan bunu müceddeden ihya etdi. Sultân Bâyezîd imâreti ittisâlinde biri hattât-ı meşhûr Fazlullah Efendi için diğeri Koca Müneccim Ahmed Efendi için muvakkıt-hane olmak üzere fevkânî iki hücre-i zîbâ yaptırdı.
Bunların mesâlihi için Sarachâne Câmii kıblesinde kâin sıra dükkânlarını ve İbadullah çarşısında ve bedestân içinde kâin dükkânlarını vakf ve vâridâtından Sarachâne Câmiine minber ve kürsî vaz’ ederek hatîb ve vâ’ize vazifeler verdi. Hayfâ ki bunların hepsi de zayi’oldu. Çeşmesiyle muvakkıthânesi ve hattât odası bâkidir. Bunlar 1233 harîkında yandı.
Mahdûmları Abdurrahman Paşa⁵⁶ ile Mustafa, Dede Ali, İbrâhim Beylerdir. Abdurrahman Paşazâde Ahmed, Ömer Beyler, Mustafa Beyzâde Gâzi İbrâhim Bey, Dede Ali Beyzâde Ömer Bey bunun [532] mahdûmları el-Hâc İbrâhim, Mustafa Paşalar, “Gâzi Beyzâde” Ömer Paşa “Hoca Paşazâde” demekle meşhûr idiler.
Katib Çelebi “Fezleke”sinde buna “Hoca Paşa” ve Naima Efendi Târîhi’nde bazan “Pehleli” ve bazen de “Kehleli” denmişdir. Zaman-ı uzleti uzayıp dûçâr-ı ihtiyaç olacak dereceye geldiğinden kinâyeten “Kehleli” lakâbı ba’zı rukabâsı tarafından verilmişdir.
In Modern English
He was from Amasya. He is a descendant of İğnecizâde Hazreti Pîr Safiyyüddîn Halvetî, one of the great figures of the Halvetî order, whose tomb is visited in Amasya. He was the son of Mehmed Efendi; Mehmed Efendi was the son of Abdurrahman Efendi, Abdurrahman Efendi of Pîr Ahmed Çelebi, Pîr Ahmed Çelebi of Pîr Safiyyüddîn Mahmûd Çelebi, he of the sheikh Seyyidüddîn Ahmed Çelebi, he of Pîr Şerefeddîn Hamza Çelebi, he of Seyyidüddîn Ahmed Çelebi, he of İğneci Mûsâ, and İğneci Mûsâ was the son of Hamza. He was the brother of Ömer Efendi, tutor of the sultan. They are famous under the name "İğnecizâdes".
After completing his studies under Turabî Mustafa and Harşeneli İbrâhim Efendi, well-known scholars and men of letters of Amasya, he gave public lectures and became müderris of the Atabeg Gâzi Madrasa. As seen in the protocol register (teşrifât defteri), from the müderrisship of Atabeg he became defterdar of Sivas in Receb 1027 [1618], and in 1028 beylerbeyi of Karaman.
The reason for this was that his elder brother Ömer Efendi was the tutor and counselor of the throne to Sultan Osman II. On the twenty-fourth of Receb 1029 he became defterdar of Aleppo together with the sanjak of Teke, in Rebîülevvel 1030 beylerbeyi of Batum, and in early Muharrem 1031 beylerbeyi of Trabzon. In the great calamity (hâ'ile) that occurred in early Receb of the same year, since his brother's state came to an end, he came to Amasya as one dismissed from office.
In 1032 he was assigned to live in Amasya with some has revenues in Amasya and Niksar, and he was left without a post for seven years. In the meantime he was favored, at times with the mütevelliship of the waqf of Bâyezîd Pasha, at times with that of the waqf of the Hüseyin and Firûz Ağas. But he gained fame as "Kehleli".
In 1038, because of the Hüftadî Bey affair, he was summoned to Istanbul together with the notables of Amasya and imprisoned in the Yedikule Dungeon. After a few months, through the favor of the grand vizier Hüsrev Pasha, he was pardoned and released, and in 1039 he became beylerbeyi of Batum for the second time. In 1042 he became beylerbeyi of Trabzon for the second time and in Şevvâl 1043 came to Amasya as one dismissed from office. In Cemâziyelâhir 1045, when Sultan Murâd Han IV came to Amasya and stayed at the residence of the person in question, he gained the sultan's favor and was given the mütevelliship of the waqfs of Sultan Bâyezîd.
In early Zilkâde 1046, when the grand vizier Bayram Pasha came to Amasya, because of their old acquaintance he became beylerbeyi of Trabzon for the third time; he was dismissed in Şevvâl 1047. In early Muharrem 1048 he went to the Baghdad war as mutasarrıf of Amasya, returned wounded in Zilkâde, and in Safer 1050 lived in Amasya as one dismissed from office.
In Rebîülevvel 1052 he became beylerbeyi of Sivas, and in Zilkâde 1053 beylerbeyi of Maraş; in 1054 he came to Amasya as one dismissed from office and again became mütevelli of the sultanic waqfs; in early Safer 1057 he became mutasarrıf of Amasya for the second time, and in early Muharrem 1058 he went as governor of Trabzon by transfer.
On the twenty-first of Şevvâl 1058 he was assigned to the Cretan war as mutasarrıf of Amasya for the third time, and went together with his son Mustafa Bey, alaybeyi of Amasya. In the month of Zilhicce his son fell as a martyr, and he himself returned wounded.
In early Receb 1059, since the sanjak of Amasya was given as has to Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, beylerbeyi of Anatolia, he was dismissed and lived in Amasya. In 1062 he became governor of Sivas, in 1064 governor of Erzurum; after being dismissed, in the middle of İbşir Pasha's grand vizierate, in 1065 he became beylerbeyi and guardian of Cyprus. In Ramazan 1066 he was charged with persuading the vizier Seydi Ahmed Pasha, who had been given the province of Sivas, and since he succeeded he became beylerbeyi of Anatolia. He was dismissed in Receb 1067, and in Şaban 1068, out of concern that he would join Abaza Hasan Pasha, he was made mutasarrıf of Amasya for the fourth time.
When Abaza Hasan Pasha promised him the vizierate and proposed that he join the rising and rebellion against Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, he refused. Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, who heard of this offer, dismissed him at the end of Zilkâde of the same year.
In Cemâziyelâhir 1069, on a groundless accusation, all the goods and property of this poor man were seized. Since he was already of old age, he was greatly affected by this calamity, and on the twenty-seventh day of Şaban he passed to paradise. He is buried in the tomb of his ancestor Pîr Safiyyüddîn Halvetî.
He was a learned man, skilled in accounts, adept in writing, a fine speaker, versed in literature and the manners of conversation, gentle in temper, generous, of high endeavor and deeply attached to his homeland. His was a house whose door of generosity was open to all, especially to the poor and needy. The seizure of his property and then his death was a calamity for his people.
In İçerişehir he had a splendid fountain built in front of his residence and had several mescids repaired. The madrasa adjoining the Saraçhane Mosque, which Şâdgeldi Pasha had built under the name "Dâru'l-ilm", having fallen into ruin, he revived. Adjoining the Sultan Bâyezîd Imaret he had two fine rooms built on the upper floor, one for the famous calligrapher Fazlullah Efendi and the other for Koca Müneccim Ahmed Efendi, to serve as muvakkithanes.
For their expenses he endowed the row of shops on the qibla side of the Saraçhane Mosque and the shops in the İbadullah Market and inside the bedesten; with the income he placed a minbar and a pulpit in the Saraçhane Mosque and set salaries for preachers and sermonizers. Alas, all of these have vanished. His fountain, muvakkithane and the calligraphers' room stand. These burned in the fire of 1233 [1817-18].
His sons are Abdurrahman Pasha and Mustafa, Dede Ali and İbrâhim Beys. Ahmed and Ömer Beys, sons of Abdurrahman Pasha, Gâzi İbrâhim Bey, son of Mustafa Bey, and Ömer Bey, son of Dede Ali Bey, are his grandsons; their sons, el-Hâc İbrâhim and Mustafa Pashas and "Gâzi Beyzâde" Ömer Pasha, were famous under the name "Hoca Paşazâde".
Kâtib Çelebi in his "Fezleke" calls him "Hoca Pasha", and Naîmâ Efendi in his History sometimes "Pehleli" and sometimes "Kehleli". Since the period of his withdrawal into seclusion grew long and reached the point of leaving him in need, the nickname "Kehleli" was given by way of allusion by some of his rivals.
Notes and Research
Old Words in the Text
- mahdûm: son
- evlâd-ı kirâm: descendants, grandchildren
- Hâce-i Sultânî: the sultan's tutor (muallim-i sultânî)
- ders-i âm: title of a müderris who gave lectures open to the public
- defterdâr: official responsible for a province's finances
- müsteşâr-ı saltanat: counselor of the sultan
- hâ'ile: great distress, calamity
- has: revenue allocation set aside for high officials
- tevliyet: waqf mütevelliship
- a'yân: the notables of a place
- itlâk: release
- mutasarrıf: governor of a sanjak
- mecruhen: wounded
- râbi'an / sâlisen / sânîyen: for the fourth time / for the third time / for the second time
- emvâl ve emlâk: goods and properties
- dâr-ı na'îm: paradise
- muvakkıt-hâne: building in which the person who determines prayer times and time works
- harîk: fire
- uzlet: withdrawal into a corner, living apart from society
- rukabâ: rivals
The İğnecizâdes and Pîr Safiyyüddîn
İğnecizâde Safiyyüddîn Mahmûd (Mûsâ) Halvetî, regarded as the founding ancestor of the family, died in 893 (1487-88). According to Kadir Özköse's study of the Halvetî tekkes of Amasya, he was a caliph of Sheikh Zekeriyyâ Halvetî and after him became sheikh of the zawiya. He won the trust of Prince Bayezid during his governorship of Amasya; when Bayezid became sultan he offered him many high posts, but he did not accept them and was content with the sheikhship of the zawiya. He gave lessons in tafsir and hadith at the Saraçhane Mosque. His tomb is within the Kocacık bazaar; the residence next to it, endowed by his granddaughter Ayşe Hatun, burned together with the tomb in the fire of 1893. Hüsameddin too, in counting seventy-one tombs in his work, says that eighteen of them belong to Halvetî sheikhs; the İğnecizâde tomb is among them.
The genealogical line Hüsameddin gives is consistent with these dates: Hoca Pasha comes four generations after Safiyyüddîn. "Pîr Safiyyüddîn Mahmûd Çelebi" in the line and the name "Safiyüddin Mahmud (Musa)" in Özköse must indicate the same person; but in Hüsameddin's line the name "Mûsâ" appears as a separate person in the lowest generation; the relation of these names to one another does not become clear from the sources. In the fourth volume Hüsameddin also records the death of "İğnecizâde Mehmed Efendi, one of the kadıs"; whether this person was Hoca Pasha's father could not be verified. In the entry's footnote it is stated that the son of Abdurrahman Paşazâde Ahmed Bey was later found to be Sofi Abdurrahman Pasha.
Hâce-i Sultânî Ömer Efendi
His brother Ömer Efendi was the tutor of Osman II. According to Murat Akgündüz's article on the sultans' tutors, Osman II gave Ömer Efendi of Amasya the rank of şeyhülislam, and Murad IV, together with his brother Osman, had also taken lessons from him. In the article the date of death is given as 1630. Some sources, however, write that Ömer Efendi was killed in the uprising of 1622; it is known that the janissaries demanded his head and that Osman II was killed at Yedikule that year. The event Hüsameddin calls "Receb 1031" corresponds to this catastrophe of 1622. The two pieces of information diverge: Hüsameddin says that the brother's "state came to an end", and does not mention his death. Ömer Efendi's actual date of death could not be verified.
The Chain of Mutasarrıfships and Beylerbeyiliks
Hoca Pasha's career is like an example of the constant shifting of posts in Ottoman provincial administration. He is appointed beylerbeyi of Trabzon four times, of Batum twice, and mutasarrıf of Amasya four times; in between he is dismissed and returns to his hometown. Hüsameddin's expression "he came to Amasya as one dismissed" therefore recurs throughout the text. The text also lists the mütevelliships of the waqfs of Sultan Bâyezîd and of the Hüseyin and Firûz Ağas, given to him as favors.
Bayram Pasha served as grand vizier between 2 February 1637 and 26 August 1638 and was influential in the Baghdad campaign. For this reason Hoca Pasha's "old acquaintance" with the grand vizier Bayram Pasha, who came to Amasya in Zilkâde 1046, is significant. Murad IV left Baghdad on 12 Ramazan 1048 (17 January 1639) to return to Istanbul; Hüsameddin's record "he returned wounded in Zilkâde" is consistent with this date. The Revan campaign began from Üsküdar on 28 March 1635, and its outbound route is reported as İzmit, Eskişehir, Konya, Kayseri and Sivas; Amasya is not mentioned. Hüsameddin's record that Murad IV stayed at Hoca Pasha's residence in Amasya in Cemâziyelâhir 1045 could therefore not be verified with another source.
Between Köprülü and Abaza Hasan
Hoca Pasha's last years pass in the shadow of the revolt of Abaza Hasan. Köprülü Mehmed Pasha became grand vizier on 26 Zilkade 1066 (15 September 1656). Abaza Hasan was appointed to Aleppo, but did not join the Transylvanian campaign and rose in revolt in 1658; he was killed in Aleppo at the end of Cemâziyelevvel 1069 (16-17 February 1659). Afterward a wide sweep for weapons and brigands was carried out in Anatolia. Many members of the ilmiye, such as müderrises and kadıs, were also punished. Hüsameddin writes that Hoca Pasha refused Abaza's offer of the vizierate; even so Köprülü dismissed him and in Cemâziyelâhir his property was seized. Hüsameddin tells the event as the story of a notable who suffered injustice though he was not pro-Abaza. No additional information on this accusation could be found in another source.
Whitehead's archival study finds some of the information Hüsameddin gives on Köprülü's career contradictory to the records. According to Hüsameddin, Köprülü was appointed to the sanjak of Amasya on 13 Muharrem 1044 (9 July 1634), but the appointment registers and the sharia court register of Amasya show no such governor in this period. This warning calls for a margin of caution about the expression in the Hoca Pasha entry, "since the sanjak of Amasya was given as has to Köprülü Mehmed Pasha". We could not find the archival counterpart of the record that Köprülü became beylerbeyi of Anatolia in 1059.
The matter of Seydi Ahmed Pasha also gains meaning in this context. According to Whitehead's account, after İbşir was killed Seydi Ahmed acted together with Abaza Hasan for revenge, was briefly regarded as a rebel, then came to terms with the state and became beylerbeyi of Rum (Sivas). Hoca Pasha's being charged in 1066 with making him accept the Sivas post is consistent with the timing of this process of reconciliation.
The Buildings He Had Built
The Saraçhane Mosque was built in 1372 by Şâdgeldi Pasha, Emir of Amasya; since the time of Çelebi Mehmed it has been known by this name because of the saddlers' shops around it. Today the mosque stands beside the Şehzadeler promenade. The madrasa repair that Hüsameddin attributes to Hoca Pasha and the minbar and pulpit placed in the mosque show that the Saraçhane Mosque was a lively center of learning and preaching in the Ottoman period too. İğnecizâde Safiyyüddîn had also given lessons in tafsir and hadith in the same mosque; the family is tied to this place from the past.
The two rooms Hoca Pasha had built adjoining the Sultan Bayezid Imaret include the muvakkithane in which Koca Müneccim Ahmed Efendi (entry no. 536) worked. The muvakkithane that stands today in the Bayezid complex is, according to its inscription, a later building constructed in 1840 by Kaptancızâde Hacı Hüseyin Zeki Efendi; according to Hüsameddin, Hoca Pasha's rooms had burned in the fire of 1233 [1817-18]. Hüsameddin's saying "his fountain, muvakkithane and calligraphers' room remain" and right after it "these burned" joins two different situations in a single sentence. It is understood that the author most probably meant "they had remained, then burned", but we cannot establish this with certainty from the text. Where Hoca Pasha's fountain is today could not be determined.
"Kehleli" and "Pehleli"
Hüsameddin tells the source of the nickname in two places: in Katib Çelebi's "Fezleke" he is called "Hoca Pasha", in Naîmâ sometimes "Pehleli" and sometimes "Kehleli". It is related that the nickname "Kehleli" was given by way of allusion because the years of seclusion reached poverty. This explanation belongs to Hüsameddin; in the sources at hand there is no additional information on the dictionary meaning and historical use of the nickname.
Bibliography
Primary sources
- Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar, Amasya Tarihi, Amasya Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, 2022, vol. 6, p. 166–167. amasya.bel.tr
- Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar, Amasya Tarihi, Amasya Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, 2022, vol. 4 (records on İğnecizâde Hoca Ahmed Paşa).
Academic studies
- Kadir Özköse, "Amasya'da Bulunan Halvetiyye Tekkeleri", Akademiar Dergisi, 5, Ankara 2018, p. 91-118.
- Christopher Whitehead, "The Early Career of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha: An Archival Reconstruction", Review of Middle East Studies, 57/1, 2024.
- Müctebâ İlgürel, "Abaza Hasan", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol. 1, Istanbul 1988, p. 10-11. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/abaza-hasan
- Müctebâ İlgürel, "Köprülü Mehmed Paşa", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol. 26, Istanbul 2002. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/koprulu-mehmed-pasa
- "Murad IV", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Revan and Baghdad campaigns). https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/murad-iv
- Birol Gündoğdu, "Ottoman Approach to the Rebels in the Examples of Katırcıoğlu Mehmed and Abaza Hasan in the Middle of Seventeenth Century", Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 48/1, 2024, p. 47-65.
Official sources
- Saraçhane Camii, Kültür Portalı (based on information from the Amasya Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism).
Books
- Murat Akgündüz, "Osmanlı Padişahlarını Yetiştiren Hocalar: Muallim-i Sultânîler", İstem, 5/9, 2007, p. 49-59.
Other sources
- Füsun Aytekin, "Amasya II. Bayezid Külliyesi Muvakkithanesinin Duvar Resimlerinin Tarih ve Usta Sorunsalı ile Son Restorasyonu Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme".