Amasya zu'amâsından Küçük Eretna Beyzâde Abdullah Bey'in mahdûmudur. [221] Varna harbinde görülen yararlığı üzerine Tokat beyi olmuşdu. 857 senesi muharreminde Amasya vilâyeti beylerbeyi olarak geldi.
857 senesi cumadelâhiresinin yirmi yedinci salı günü Risâlet-penâh Efendimiz'in Türkler'e işâret buyurduğu "Kostantiniyye - İstanbul" feth edildiğinden bütün Türkiye'de olduğu gibi Amasya'da da büyük şenlikler yapıldı. Her taraf donandı. Şenlikler günlerce devâm etdi.
Ancak vezîr-i a'zam Candârlızâde Halîl Paşa hakkında gayr-i Türklerin birtakım ihbârât-ı kâzibesi, cülûs vak'asından dolayı zâten kızgın olan Fâtih Sultân Mehmed'i fenâ hâlde kızdırmışdı.
Bu kızgınlıklara binâ'en Halîl Paşa ansızın Yedi Kule'ye muhakkarâne sürüklendi. Orada başı kesildi. Birâderi Süleyman Çelebi kazaskerlikden, oğlu İbrâhim Çelebi Edirne kadılığından azl olundu. Cümlesinin emvâl ve emlâki müsâdere edilerek gayr-i Türkler'in hınçları alınmışdı.
Sultân Mehmed'in bu hareketi Türkler'e, hâssaten ulemâ ve meşâyihe fevkalâde te'sîr etmişdi. Bunu takdîr eden Sultân Mehmed, vezîr-i sânî olan Bergosî Halîl Paşa bin Ahmed'i⁵⁷¹ vezîr-i a'zam ve İstanbul muhâfızı ta'yîn edib nişâncılıkdan vezîr olan İbrâhim Paşa ile Edirne'ye gitdi. İbrâhim Paşa vezîr-i sânî olmuşdu.
858 senesi zilhiccesinde "Kubalıoğlu" demekle meşhûr olan [222] kibâr-ı sulehâdan kadı-i meşhûr es-Seyyid Hüsâmeddîn Hüseyin Çelebi Amasya'da Kuba denilen mevki'de binâ etdiği mescid ve medrese ve türbesi mesâlihine emlâk-ı mevcûdesini vakf etdi. Bu medrese, "Hüsâmiyye Medresesi" demekle meşhûr idi.
İbrâhim Paşa⁵⁷² devşirmelerden dindâr, fâzıl bir zât idi. Fakat Halîl Paşa'nın i'dâmında medhûl olmuşdu, bu yüzden Sultân Fâtih 858 senesi şa'bânında bunu tekâ'üde sevk edib herkesin memdûhu olan Bosnalı Mahmûd Paşa'yı vezîr-i a'zam yapdı. Büyük şehzâdesi Sultân Mustafa'ya Manîsâ, küçük şehzâdesi Sultân Bâyezîd'e Amasya vâlîliklerini verdi.
In Modern English
He is the son of Abdullah Bey, son of Küçük Eretna Bey, one of the zeamet-holding beys of Amasya. On the strength of the service he showed in the Battle of Varna he had become bey of Tokat. In Muharram 857 [1453-54] he came as beylerbeyi of the province of Amasya.
On the twenty-seventh Tuesday of Cemâziyelâhir 857 [29 May 1453], since "Kostantiniyye - Istanbul," to which our Prophet pointed in relation to the Turks, was conquered, great festivities were held in Amasya as in all of Turkey. Everywhere was decorated. The festivities lasted for days.
But certain false denunciations by non-Turks concerning the grand vizier Çandarlızâde Halîl Pasha had badly angered Fâtih Sultan Mehmed, who was already angry over the accession affair.
Because of this anger Halîl Pasha was suddenly humiliated and dragged to Yedikule. There he was beheaded. His brother Süleyman Çelebi was dismissed from the chief military judgeship, and his son İbrâhim Çelebi from the judgeship of Edirne. The goods and property of all were confiscated, and the grudges of the non-Turks were satisfied.
This conduct of Sultan Mehmed had an extraordinary effect on the Turks, especially on the scholars and sheikhs. Understanding this, Sultan Mehmed appointed the second vizier Bergosî Halîl Pasha bin Ahmed grand vizier and guardian of Istanbul, and went to Edirne with İbrâhim Pasha, who had become vizier from the nişancı post. İbrâhim Pasha had become second vizier.
In Zilhicce 858 [1454-55] the famous judge es-Seyyid Hüsâmeddîn Hüseyin Çelebi, famous as "Kubalıoğlu," one of the leading righteous men, endowed his existing property for the expenses of the mosque, madrasa, and tomb he had built in the place called Kuba in Amasya. This madrasa was called the "Hüsâmiyye Madrasa."
İbrâhim Pasha was a pious and virtuous person of the devshirmes. But he had fallen out of favor at the execution of Halîl Pasha; for this reason Sultan Fâtih in Shaban 858 retired him and made Mahmûd Pasha of Bosnia, praised by all, grand vizier. He gave the governorship of Manisa to his eldest prince Sultan Mustafa and that of Amasya to his youngest prince Sultan Bayezid.
Notes and Research
Old Words in the Text
- zu'amâ: beys who hold zeamet; holders of timars of high income
- cülûs: accession to the throne
- ihbârât-ı kâzibe: false denunciations
- muhakkarâne: with contempt, humiliatingly
- müsâdere: confiscation by the state
- nişâncı: official who authenticated the sultan's decrees with the tuğra
- tekâ'üd: retirement
- memdûh: praised
- Risâlet-penâh: a title of respect used for the Prophet
The Governor of Eretna Descent
In the first volumes of Amasya Tarihi Hüsameddin counts the "Eretna Bey Dynasty" among the great dynasties of Amasya. These descend from Sultan Eretna Bey, son of Ca'fer Bey, one of the Uyghur beys. The line later divided into two branches, one called "İnehanlı," the other "Eretnalı." Alâeddin Ali Pasha is a member of this circle. In the same place it is written that Eretnazâde Mehmed Bey was sanjak bey of Tokat, died in 837, and was buried in Tokat in the tomb of his father and grandfather. No information on Alâeddin Ali Pasha himself was found in the other sources we read.
The Conquest of Istanbul and Amasya
Hüsameddin gives the day of the conquest as the twenty-seventh Tuesday of Cemâziyelâhir. The conquest took place on Tuesday 29 May 1453; we could not separately verify the day of the hijri month. The detail of the text is its recording that festivities were held in Amasya for days; this is a local record of how the news of the conquest was received in Anatolian cities.
The End of Çandarlı Halil Pasha
Hüsameddin writes that Halil Pasha, as a result of the false denunciations of non-Turks, was dragged to Yedikule and beheaded there. In the encyclopedic source it is written that Halil Pasha, immediately after the conquest of Istanbul, on the pretext of rumors that he took bribes and of contrived words, was removed from office on 30 May 1453 and arrested with his children, and that although the children were released he himself was executed forty days later in the Edirne or Istanbul dungeon. Hüsameddin's record "Yedikule" does not coincide exactly with this information; the source does not state the place of execution definitely. According to the same source, one reason for the enmity felt toward Halil Pasha is that he had worked for Murad II's return to the throne and Mehmed II's removal from it. Hüsameddin also mentions this contention as "anger because of the accession affair." It is also written that during the conquest Halil Pasha from time to time proposed lifting the siege, which might cause a new Crusader alliance, but Mehmed II listened to Zağanos Pasha.
No details were found in the sources we read for the information on his brother Süleyman Çelebi and son İbrâhim Çelebi. That the properties were confiscated and later, in the time of Bayezid II, given back to his children is noted in the encyclopedic source.
Who Halil Pasha's Successor Was
There is a noteworthy disagreement in the text. Hüsameddin writes that Bergosî Halîl Pasha was made grand vizier in Halil Pasha's place, that İbrâhim Pasha became second vizier, and that Mahmûd Pasha of Bosnia then came to the grand vizierate; in footnotes numbered 571 and 572, however, he notes that neither İbrâhim Pasha's vizierate nor Bergosî Halîl Pasha's grand vizierate is written in the histories of Turkey, but is learned from endowment deeds. In the encyclopedic source it is written that Zağanos Pasha was made grand vizier in place of Çandarlı Halil Pasha, who was removed from office after the conquest, that he was the first grand vizier of devshirme origin, and that at the beginning of 1455, that is, immediately after Hüsameddin's date 858 [1454-55], the grand vizierate was held by Mahmud Pasha. The order Hüsameddin narrates does not agree with this information. No record confirming Bergosî Halîl Pasha's grand vizierate was found in the sources we read.
The Kuba Quarter and the Hüsâmiyye Madrasa
Hüsâmeddîn Hüseyin Çelebi, mentioned at the end of the entry, is known in Amasya as the "Saint of Kuba." Because his father Cemâleddîn Hüseyin bin Mehmed el-Fergânî el-Kubâvî lived in this quarter until 810, the place first took the name "Kubâlu Quarter," then "Kuba Quarter." According to the record Hüsameddin gives in the first volume of the book, Hüsâmeddîn Hüseyin in 857 [1453] had a madrasa built in this quarter, with a mosque and fountain beside it, founded a tomb for himself, and arranged his endowments. This entry, however, ties the endowment deed to Zilhicce 858. That is, in two separate places by the same author there are two dates one year apart.
According to a researcher, the madrasa was damaged in the fires of 1602 and 1688, Kubalı Hâfız Ali Efendi began teaching again around 1714, the mosque, ruined in 1668, was renewed in 1669 by Kubalı Abdî Bey, mütesellim of Amasya, and his son Mehmed Pasha repaired the madrasa in 1693 and added a school. The madrasa no longer exists; on the hill, in the place the people of Amasya call "Kuba Mosque" or "Kuba Saint," there is a mosque and, inside it, Hüsâmeddîn Hüseyin's sarcophagus. The people regard this place as a source of healing and leave objects such as brooms and towels.
There is also a detail on the family. According to the same researcher, Hüsâmeddîn Hüseyin is the son-in-law of Pir İlyas's son; that is, not Pir İlyas's son but the husband of his granddaughter. Hüsameddin's record in this entry mentions him as "Kubalıoğlu" and "famous judge"; the researcher presents him as a Khalwati sheikh. There is also a difference on the homeland: Hüsameddin writes that the family came from the town of Kuba in the province of Fergana, while the researcher associates it with the city of Kuba in Azerbaijan. This difference shows a confusion in the sources and is not fully resolved today either.
Prince Bayezid's Arrival in Amasya
The text writes that in Shaban 858 Fatih gave the governorship of Amasya to his youngest son Bayezid. A study listing the princes who served as sanjak bey in Amasya notes that Bayezid II was appointed sanjak bey of Amasya in 1454 at the age of seven after the conquest of Istanbul and remained in this post until 1481; Hüsameddin's account also follows this order. The same study writes that in these years Bayezid began to learn writing from the Amasyan master calligrapher Şeyh Hamdullah and that in 1481, leaving Amasya to take the throne, he invited his teacher with his family to Istanbul.
Bibliography
Primary sources
Academic studies
Other sources