Amasyalı Mu'îneddîn Süleyman Pervâne Bey'in mahdûmu ve Alâ'eddîn Alî Bey'in birâderi olup⁴¹⁹ mültezim şeklinde 695 senesinde Gazân Hân tarafından Amasya vâlîsi olmuşdur. Dâ'ire-i hükûmeti Sinop dâhil olduğu hâlde Kızılırmak'ın havzası, ya'nî Simre hükûmeti müştemilâtından ibâret olup bu dâ'ireye "Eyâlet-i Rûmiyye" nâmı verilmişdir.
Sultân Mahmûd Gazân Hân, Anadolu memâlikini dörde taksîm etmekle doğrudan idâresini der-uhde etmiş olup Anadolu ahvâline vukûfları olan Cumûdâr Hân ile Togacar Noyin'i Anadolu nâzırı nasb ederek Türkmenler'in harekât-ı umûmiyyesini bir nezâret-i şedîde altında bulunduruyor, muhtemilü'z-zuhûr olan vekâyi'i der-pîş etmek istiyor, bunun için ta'yîn eylediği ümerâ ve nuzzâra nîm-istiklâl veriyor, fakat [437] her dâ'ireyi para için fevkalâde tazyîk ediyordu.
Ba'dehû Togacar Noyin'in iş'ârına binâ'en evhâmı galebe ederek Sultân Gıyâseddîn Mes'ûd'un vücûdunu muhtemilü'z-zuhûr olan vekâyi'in müsebbibi add etmekle derhâl müşârün-ileyhi Konya'dan kaldırıp Harşene kalesinde habs ediyor, Amasya'da mukîm olan Cumûdâr Hân'ın taht-ı nezâretinde bulundurmakla kalben müsterîh oluyor, fakat korkduğu âkıbetler de sultân-ı müşârün-ileyhin habsiyle beraber başlıyordu.
Çünkü Sultân Mes'ûd'un habsiyle beraber dört emîrin etvârı değişiyor, her biri bir tavr-ı mülûkâne izhâr ederek istibdâdını artırıyor, var kuvvetiyle tahsîlâta koyularak kendi maktû'unun ve ta'yînâtının iki mislini ya'nî on beş tümenin dört katını tahsîl ediyor, birini hazîne-i İlhânî'ye, diğerini nâzıra, öbürünü erkân-ı devlet-i İhâniyye'ye vermekle mevki'ini muhâfazaya çalışıyor, kendi dâ'iresi sükkânını son derece sıkıyor, Târîh-i İbni Bîbî'de muharrer olduğu üzere Simre hükûmeti dâ'iresi, diğer aksâma nisbetle müreffeh bir hâlde bulunuyordu.
Uç beyleri, ya'nî hudûd-ı Rûmiyye üzerinde bulunan Osmân, Aydın, İsmâ'il, Timur, Saruhan, Kara Îsâ, Germiyân, Mahmûd, Menteşe Beyler gibi serhad beyleri Rûmlar'a karşı mücâhedât ile meşgûl oldukları münâsebetle hükûmet-i İlhâniyye'nin nüfûzu hâricinde istiklâl-i harekâta mâlik bulunuyor, her biri kendi dâ'iresinde adâlet, diyânet esâslarını fevkalâde iltizâm ederek diğer ümerânın hukûkuna ta'arruz [438] etmiyor, bu sûretle Anadolu ümerâsının istirkâbından, hükûmet-i İlhâniyye'nin istibdâdından masûn bulunuyorlar, Anadolu ümerâsından cânları yanan mazlûmîn bunlara ilticâ ediyorlardı. Bu beylerin içinde Muzaffereddîn Osmân Bey diyânet, adâlet husûsunda mecmu'una fâ'ik bir hâlde idi.
Hulâsa ümerâ-yı erba'anın mezâlimi, etvâr-ı müstebidânesi Türkmen beylerine gâyet girân geliyor, bunların harekât-ı zâlimânesi Cumûdâr Hân ile Togacar Noyin'in müsâ'adât ve tazyîkâtından neş'et eylediğine Baltu, Sülimiş Baylar vâkıf oluyor, hânedânı dolayısıyla büyük bir nüfûza mâlik olan Sultân Mes'ûd'un habsi, efkâr-ı umûmiyyeyi hükûmet-i İlhâniyye aleyhinde fenâ hâlde tehyîc ediyordu.
Çünkü kesret-i mezâlim, şiddet-i tahsîlât ile halkı tenfîr eden ümerânın ef'âlinden bütün Anadolu sükkânı Sultân Mahmûd Gazân Hân'a şikâyât-ı müdhişe yağdırıyorlar, Türkmen beyleri de bu şikâyâta iştirâk ederek ümerânın azlini ve Sultân Mes'ûd'un cülûsunu istirhâm ediyorlar, Gazân Hân dahi en ziyâde mezâlime ruhsat veren Mücîreddîn Emîr Şâh Bey'i Tebrîz'e çağırıyordu.
Konya emîri Mücîreddîn Emîr Şâh Bey, 696 evâ'ilinde Tebrîz'e giderken amcası bulunan Babazâde Muhliseddîn Mûsâ Paşa'yı Konya emâretinde tevkîl ederek Tebrîz'e gitdi. Ba'dehû Amasya'da ikâmet eden Anadolu nâzırı Cumûdâr Hân bu senenin evâsıtında füc'eten vefât etdiği haberi Sultân Gazân Hân'ı müte'essir etmiş olmalıdır ki Türkmen [439] beylerinin ricâsını is'âf ederek tekrâr memâlik-i Selçûkiyye'yi iki kısma taksîm edib 696 ramazânında Kızılırmak'ın cihet-i garbiyyesini Sultân Alâ'eddîn Keykubâd bin Ferâmurz bin Sultân Keykâvus Hân'a ve cihet-i şarkiyyesini Harşene kalesinde mukîm olan Sultân Gıyâseddîn Mes'ûd'a i'tâ ve Mücîreddîn Muhammed Emîr Şâh Bey'i Anadolu muhâsebe-i umûmiyyesine ta'yîn etmişdir.⁴²⁰
In Modern English
He was the son of Muînüddin Süleyman Pervâne Bey of Amasya and the brother of Alâeddin Ali Bey. As one who undertook tax collection (mültezim), he was made governor of Amasya by Gazan Han in 695 [1295-96]. His administrative region was the Kızılırmak basin including Sinop; that is, it consisted of the places attached to the government of Simre (Amasya), and this region was given the name "Eyâlet-i Rûmiyye".
Sultan Mahmûd Gazan Han had divided the lands of Anatolia into four and taken over the administration directly. Appointing Cumûdâr Han, who knew the condition of Anatolia, and Togacar Noyin as nâzırs of Anatolia, he kept the general movements of the Turkmens under strict control and wished to prevent beforehand the events that might arise. For this he gave the emirs and nâzırs he appointed half-independence, but squeezed every region extraordinarily for money.
Then, on Togacar Noyin's denunciation, he fell into suspicion and regarded the existence of Sultan Gıyâseddin Mesud as the cause of events that might arise. He at once took him from Konya and imprisoned him in the fortress of Harşena; since he kept him under the supervision of Cumûdâr Han, who lived in Amasya, he felt relieved. Yet the very consequences he feared began with the sultan's imprisonment.
For with Sultan Mesud's imprisonment the attitude of the four emirs changed. Each adopted a manner befitting rulers and increased his tyranny; they set about collecting taxes with all their might and collected twice the amount of tax and provisions due from them, that is, four times fifteen tümens. They tried to keep their positions by giving one share to the Ilkhanid treasury, one to the nâzır, and one to the notables of the Ilkhanid state. They squeezed the people of their regions extremely. As written in İbn Bîbî's history, the region of the government of Simre was in prosperity compared with the other parts.
The frontier beys, that is, border beys such as Osman, Aydın, İsmail, Timur, Saruhan, Kara İsa, Germiyan, Mahmud and Menteşe Beys on the Greek frontier, because they were engaged in holy war against the Greeks, acted independently outside the influence of Ilkhanid rule. Each held very firmly to the principles of justice and piety in his own region and did not lay a hand on the rights of other emirs. Thus they kept away from the Anatolian emirs' using them like slaves and from the despotism of Ilkhanid rule; the wronged who had been hurt by the Anatolian emirs took refuge with them. Among these beys Muzaffereddin Osman Bey surpassed all in piety and justice.
In short, the oppression and tyrannical manner of the four emirs weighed very heavily on the Turkmen beys. Baltu and Sülimiş Bay understood that these cruel actions arose from the support and pressure of Cumûdâr Han and Togacar Noyin. The imprisonment of Sultan Mesud, who had great influence because of his dynastic tie, was also stirring public opinion badly against Ilkhanid rule.
For the whole people of Anatolia were showering Sultan Mahmûd Gazan Han with terrible complaints about what the emirs had done, who had turned the people away from themselves by the abundance of oppression and heavy tax collection. The Turkmen beys also joined in these complaints and begged that the emirs be removed and Sultan Mesud be seated on the throne. Gazan Han was summoning Mücîreddin Emîr Şâh Bey, who had given most licence to oppression, to Tabriz.
Mücîreddin Emîr Şâh Bey, emir of Konya, set out for Tabriz in early 696 [1296-97], leaving his uncle Babazâde Muhliseddin Musa Pasha in his place in the emirate of Konya. Then the news that Cumûdâr Han, nâzır of Anatolia, who lived in Amasya, died suddenly in the middle of this year must have affected Sultan Gazan, for, accepting the Turkmen beys' request, he again divided the Seljuk lands into two parts. In Ramazan 696 he gave the west bank of the Kızılırmak to Sultan Alâeddin Keykubâd, son of Ferâmurz, grandson of Sultan Keykâvus Han, and the east bank to Sultan Gıyâseddin Mesud, who was living in the fortress of Harşena; and he appointed Mücîreddin Muhammed Emîr Şâh Bey to the general accounting (financial affairs) of Anatolia.
Notes and Research
Old Words in the Text
- mültezim: one who undertakes and collects the state's tax revenue for a fixed sum
- müştemilât: places attached to a place, dependencies
- nîm-istiklâl: half-independence
- evhâm: fancies, suspicions
- maktû': a fixed tax amount determined in advance
- ta'yînât: daily rations and allowances given to officials
- uç beyleri, serhad beyleri: Turkmen beys who were rulers in the frontier regions, in places neighbouring Byzantine lands
- mazlûmîn: the wronged
- muhâsebe-i umûmiyye: general accounting, the state's financial accounts
- kesret-i mezâlim: abundance of oppression
Hüsameddin's Four Emirs and the Condition of Anatolia
Azîzeddin Mehmed Bey, named in the first part of the text, belongs to the Pervâneoğulları family. According to Hüsameddin's footnote he was also called Muînüddin Mehmed. According to the encyclopedia entry Muînüddin Mehmed, after his father Muînüddin Süleyman Pervâne was put to death by Abaka's order, declared independence in 1277, founded the Pervâneoğulları Principality at Sinop, and died in Konya in 696 (1297). According to Hüsameddin, Azîzeddin Mehmed dies in Amasya in 697 and is buried in the Burmalı Minare Mosque. If these two names are assumed to be the same person, the sources part ways on the place and year of death; the identity of the names could not be verified.
The general picture of the administrators of Anatolia is drawn similarly in the encyclopedia entries. It is written that Togaçar Noyan collected much money from the people in Anatolia, especially in the former Danishmendid lands, and treated the people badly, and that for this reason Gazan sent Baltu and the Arab noyans and had him killed. On where Sultan Mesud was at this time, however, the sources differ. According to the encyclopedia entry Mesud, feeling safe thanks to the Mongols, lived in Kayseri, and Konya was governed by the Akhis; his imprisonment in the fortress of Harşena is not mentioned. This account of imprisonment by Hüsameddin could not be verified elsewhere.
Cumûdâr Han
Cumûdâr Han is mentioned as a grandson of Hülâgu and served as nâzır of Anatolia. The tomb beside the Burmalı Minare Mosque is known by his name today. According to culture and tourism records the real owner of the tomb is Ferruh Bey and his son; the tomb was called by this name because Cumûdâr's mummy stayed there until it was placed in the Amasya Museum. Museum officials say that in an examination made in 2003 it was understood that Cumûdâr was killed by strangling. Hüsameddin, on the other hand, describes his death as "sudden".
The Mention of Osman Bey
The text shows Muzaffereddin Osman Bey as foremost among the frontier beys in piety and justice. This Osman Bey is Osman Gazi, the founder of the Ottoman State. Accounts that the Seljuk sultan sent Osman a standard and a principality appear in the encyclopedia entry as tradition; for the Turkish deed of grant (temlikname) and the Persian diplomas said to have been sent to Osman, the same place calls them "fabricated". The debate about Osman's independence continues in entry 2-55.
The Appointment of Seljuk Sultans
Hüsameddin's giving the west of the Kızılırmak to Keykubâd and the east to Mesud in Ramazan 696 does not agree with the accounts in the encyclopedia entries: there it is written that Mesud was deposed in 1296 and forced to live in Hamadan, and that Alâeddin Keykubad III was placed on the throne in 1298. That is, the two sultans' ruling side by side, divided by region, is not stated in the sources. In Hüsameddin's footnote the reason for Mücîreddin Emîr Şâh's appointment to the Anatolian accounting is given as follows: his uncle Hâce Mesud-ı Rûmî was müstevfî (treasurer) with Gazan, and his nephew Seyfeddin Mengli was Gazan's kapıcıbaşı (head of palace gatekeepers).
Bibliography
Primary sources
- Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar, Amasya Tarihi, Amasya Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, 2022, vol. 2, p. 369–370. amasya.bel.tr
Academic studies
- Muharrem Kesik, "Pervâneoğulları", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol. 34, 2007, p. 245–246. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/pervaneogullari
- Muharrem Kesik, "Mesud II", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol. 29, 2004, p. 342–344. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mesud-ii
- Faruk Sümer, "Keykubad III", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol. 25, 2022, p. 359–361. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/keykubad-iii
Official sources
Other sources