Zıhnalıdır. 1202 senesi şa'bânın yedinci günü Amasya mutasarrıfı ve İsakçı muhâfızı olup bâb-ı âlî, müşârün-ileyhin tarafından Uzun Abdullâh Paşazâde mîr-i mîrân Abdünnebî Paşa'yı⁷¹⁸ Amasya mütesellimi nasb edip Mikdâd Paşa'yı Amasya'dan ihrâca me'mûr etdi.
Ancak mütesellim paşanın vürûduna kadar Gürcüzâde Hacı İbrâhim Bey bâ-fermân-ı âlî mütesellim vekîli oldu. Mikdâd Paşa, birâderi gibi Rusya'ya kaçmak istedi. Fakat her tarafı muhâliflerle çevrik olduğundan çâre bulamadı. Paşanın etbâ'ı ve tarafdârları, hâssaten dîvân kâtibi Fazlıoğlu Abdüsselâm Efendi telâşa düşmüşlerdi.
Ramazânın yirmi üçüncü günü müftü Hacı Evliyâ Halîl Efendi fetvâdan isti'fâ edip Yörgüç Paşa müderrisi Çorumlu Hacı Osmân Efendi Amasya müftüsü oldu. Şevvâl evâ'ilinde Amasya mütesellimi Abdünnebî Paşa bir kuvve-i kâfiye ile geldi. Mikdâd Paşa'yı Amasya'dan bilâ-hâdise çıkarıp Dimetoka'ya yolladı.
Abdünnebî Paşa, halkın en çok şikâyet [152] etdiği Göztaş Oğulları'nı ve dîvân efendisini tevkîf ederek haklarında tahkîkât yapdı. Fakat halkın bunlara karşı kindârâne vaz'iyyeti üzerine her üçünü de gece Samsun'a i'zâm ve kale-bend etdi. Bu esnâda kul kethüdâsı Amasyalı Yüzbaşıoğlu Mehmed Emîn Ağa yeniçeri ağası oldu.
Bu yıl ünlü muhaddislerden "Arap Hoca" denilen Mekkeli Hacı Hüseyin Efendi, Mehmed Paşa Câmii hatîb ve vâ'izi "Şeyhu'z-Zurefâ" denilen Hacı Mehmed Zarîf Efendi ve sâbık mütesellim Müjdecioğlu Hacı Abdulkâdir Ağa bin Hacı İbrâhim Ağa bin Müjdeci Hacı Mustafâ Ağa vefât etdi. Zurefâzâde Abdurrahîm Efendi hatîb ve vâ'iz oldu.
1203 muharreminde Gürcüzâde Hacı İbrâhim Bey baş a'yân, Yenicelizâde Hacı Ahmed Ağa hacıbaşı oldu. Baş a'yân, bu esnâda rikâb-ı hümâyûn kâ'im-makâmı olan Amasyalı Mustafâ Paşa'nın ve hacıbaşı da Tophâne nâzırı Yenicelizâde Hâfız Ahmed Efendi bin Hacı Hüseyin Efendi'nin akrabâsından idiler.
Bundan sonra Rus harbi açıldığından baş a'yân, hacıbaşı, Müjdecizâde Yûsuf Ağa, serdârlarından serdengeçdiler ağası Kutoğlu Hüseyin Ağa, Kulçakoğlu Mustafâ Ağa, Topçuoğlu Abdurrahmân Ağa, Kara Hüseyinoğlu [153] Mehmed Ağa teşkîl etdikleri taburlarla bölüklere başbuğ olup harbe gitdiler. Bu esnâda Amasyalı Dayıoğlu Süleymân Paşa da vezâretle harbe me'mûr oldu.
A'yândan Kayalı Paşazâde Hacı Ömer Bey baş a'yân vekîli, Köseoğlu Hacı Ömer Ağa hacıbaşı vekîli olarak harb i‘ânâtını toplayıp göndermeğe me'mûr oldular. Mütesellim Abdünnebî Paşa da Amasya'nın püsküllü belâsı olan eşkıyâ Püsküllü Oğulları'nın ta'kîbine alaybeyi Hindîoğlu İbrâhim Ağa'yı alıp gitdi.
Rebî'ulevvelde Rahtuvân Paşazâde Hacı İbrâhim Bey mütesellim vekîli olup rebî'ulâhirde enderûnda hâs oda lalası Alî Ağa evkâf-ı sultâniyye tevliyetiyle çerâğ olduğundan Hacı Alî Efendi mütevellî kâ'im-makâmı olarak geldi.
Recebin on dördüncü salı günü Sultân Abdulhamîd-i Evvel'in vefâtıyla Üçüncü Sultân Selîm Hân tahta çıkdı. Lâdikli Abdullâh Ağa bin Abdulkerîm Efendi silahdâr-ı şehriyârî ve Amasyalı Hüsâmeddîn Ağa bin Alî Ağa kahvecibaşı oldu.⁷¹⁹ [154]
Şa'bânda sarây-ı hümâyûnda kuşçubaşı olan Amasyalı Yeşillizâde Hasan Ağa Amasya'ya gönderilip Hüseyin Ağa vakfı mütevellîsi ve Eski Sarây ağası Merzifonlu Hacı Yûsuf Ağa Merzifon'a gönderilip Çelebi Sultân Vakfı mütevellîsi ve a'yândan Menkûlcüoğlu Hacı Hâfız Mehmed Efendi şehir kethüdâsı oldu.
Şevvâl evâ'ilinde müftü Hacı Osmân Efendi'nin azliyle Büyük Ağa müderrisi fuzalâdan Şeyhzâde Abdullâh Vecîh Efendi Amasya müftüsü oldu. Zilhicce evâhirinde Amasya sancağı Sultân Selîm'in kızkardeşi Beyhân Sultân matbahına hâs ta'yîn edildiğine dâ'ir fermân sâdır oldu.
Bu yüzden Amasya sancağı, Beyhân Sultân kethüdâsı Karahisârlı Kocabaş Ahmed Efendi'ye mürâca'at eden Canik muhassılı ve Karahisâr-ı Şarkî mutasarrıfı Caniklizâde Hayreddîn Râgıb Paşa ile Bozok mutasarrıfı Çapanzâde Süleymân Bey'in kapı kethüdâları arasında âdetâ müzâyedeye kondu.
Bâb-ı âlî bu rezâleti haber aldığından Amasya sancağını yeniçeri ağalığından ma'zûlen Tokad voyvodası ve Kalhâne emîni olan Mehmed Emîn Ağa'ya iltizâm sûretiyle tevcîh etdi.
In Modern English
He was from Zıhna. On the seventh day of Şaban 1202 [13 May 1788] he became governor (mutasarrıf) of Amasya and guardian (muhafız) of İsakçı. The Sublime Porte, appointing Beylerbeyi Abdünnebi Pasha, son of Uzun Abdullah Pasha, as mütesellim of Amasya on his behalf, charged him with removing Mikdad Pasha from Amasya.
But until the mütesellim pasha arrived, Gürcüzade Hacı İbrahim Bey became deputy mütesellim by imperial decree. Mikdad Pasha wanted to flee to Russia like his brother, but, being surrounded on all sides by opponents, found no way out. The pasha's men and supporters, especially the divan clerk Fazlıoğlu Abdüsselam Efendi, were thrown into panic.
On the twenty-third day of Ramazan the mufti Hacı Evliya Halil Efendi resigned from the fatwa office; Çorumlu Hacı Osman Efendi, professor of the Yörgüç Pasha Madrasa, became mufti of Amasya. In the first days of Şevval the mütesellim of Amasya, Abdünnebi Pasha, came with a sufficient force. He removed Mikdad Pasha from Amasya without incident and sent him to Dimetoka.
Abdünnebi Pasha arrested the Göztaşoğulları, against whom the people complained most, and the divan efendisi, and investigated them. But because of the people's spiteful attitude toward them, he sent all three at night to Samsun and imprisoned them in the castle. At this time Yüzbaşıoğlu Mehmed Emin Ağa of Amasya, the kul kethüdası (steward of the sultan's household troops), became janissary ağa.
This year, among the famous hadith scholars, Hacı Hüseyin Efendi of Mecca, called "Arap Hoca", Hacı Mehmed Zarif Efendi, preacher and sermonizer of the Mehmed Pasha Mosque, called "Şeyhü'z-Zurefa" (head of the refined), and the former mütesellim Müjdecioğlu Hacı Abdülkadir Ağa son of Hacı İbrahim Ağa son of Müjdeci Hacı Mustafa Ağa died. Zurefazade Abdurrahim Efendi became preacher and sermonizer.
In Muharrem 1203 [October 1788] Gürcüzade Hacı İbrahim Bey became chief ayan and Yenicelizade Hacı Ahmed Ağa became hacıbaşı. The chief ayan was a relative of Mustafa Pasha of Amasya, who was then rikâb-ı hümayun kaymakamı (the vizier who deputizes for the grand vizier at the sultan's side), and the hacıbaşı a relative of Yenicelizade Hafız Ahmed Efendi son of Hacı Hüseyin Efendi, inspector of the Tophane.
After this, since the Russian war had broken out, the chief ayan, the hacıbaşı, Müjdecizade Yusuf Ağa, and, among the serdars, the serdengeçtiler ağası Kutoğlu Hüseyin Ağa, Kulçakoğlu Mustafa Ağa, Topçuoğlu Abdurrahman Ağa and Kara Hüseyinoğlu Mehmed Ağa, taking command of the battalions and companies they had raised, went to war. At this time Dayıoğlu Süleyman Pasha of Amasya was also sent to war with the rank of vizier.
Kayalı Paşazade Hacı Ömer Bey, one of the ayan, as deputy chief ayan, and Köseoğlu Hacı Ömer Ağa, as deputy hacıbaşı, were charged with collecting and sending the war contributions. Mütesellim Abdünnebi Pasha, taking with him the alaybeyi Hindioğlu İbrahim Ağa, went in pursuit of the Püsküllüoğulları bandits, a tasseled (püsküllü) scourge upon Amasya.
In Rebiülevvel Rahtuvan Paşazade Hacı İbrahim Bey became deputy mütesellim. In Rebiülahir, since Ali Ağa, lala of the Privy Chamber in the Enderun, was removed from the palace with the administratorship of the sultan's waqfs, Hacı Ali Efendi came as deputy administrator.
On Tuesday the fourteenth of Receb [1203, April 1789], upon the death of Sultan Abdülhamid I, Sultan Selim III Han ascended the throne. Lâdikli Abdullah Ağa son of Abdülkerim Efendi became the sultan's silahdar (sword-bearer), and Hüsameddin Ağa of Amasya son of Ali Ağa became kahvecibaşı (chief coffee-maker).
In Şaban, Yeşillizade Hasan Ağa of Amasya, who was kuşçubaşı (chief falconer) in the palace, was sent to Amasya and became administrator of the Hüseyin Ağa Waqf; Merzifonlu Hacı Yusuf Ağa, ağa of the Old Palace, was sent to Merzifon and became administrator of the Çelebi Sultan Waqf. Menkulcuoğlu Hacı Hafız Mehmed Efendi, one of the ayan, also became city kethüda.
In the first days of Şevval the mufti Hacı Osman Efendi was dismissed; Şeyhzade Abdullah Vecih Efendi, professor of the Büyük Ağa Madrasa and one of the virtuous scholars, became mufti of Amasya. At the end of Zilhicce [September 1789] a decree was issued that the sanjak of Amasya was designated as the has (crown revenue) set aside for the kitchen expenses of Beyhan Sultan, the sister of Sultan Selim.
For this reason the sanjak of Amasya was put almost to open auction between the porter-steward (kapı kethüdası) of Caniklizade Hayreddin Ragıb Pasha, the Canik tax collector and governor of Karahisar-ı Şarki, who applied to Beyhan Sultan's steward Karahisarlı Kocabaş Ahmed Efendi, and the kapı kethüdası of Çapanzade Süleyman Bey, governor of Bozok.
When the Sublime Porte learned of this scandal, it gave the sanjak of Amasya by iltizam (tax-farm) to Mehmed Emin Ağa, who had been dismissed from the janissary ağalık and was voyvoda of Tokat and commissioner of the Kalhane.
Notes and Research
Old Words in the Text
- muhâfız: castle commander
- bâ-fermân-ı âlî: by imperial decree
- etbâ': men, retinue
- bilâ-hâdise: without incident
- tevkîf: arrest
- i'zâm ve kale-bend: sending and imprisoning in a castle
- muhaddis: hadith scholar
- serdengeçdi: a soldier who volunteers for the most dangerous tasks in war
- başbuğ: unit commander
- i'ânât: contributions collected for the war
- tevliyetle çerâğ olmak: to be sent out of palace service to a waqf administratorship
- matbah hâssı: the revenue source set aside for the kitchen and living expenses of a member of the palace
- müzâyede: open auction
- iltizâm: the right to collect the taxes of a revenue source for a fixed period in return for an advance payment
Zıhnalı Hasan Pasha
Hüsameddin gives only the nisba "Zıhnalı" for this governor. There is a Zihneli Hasan Pasha mentioned on the Russian front in the same years, and the date at which Amasya was given into his charge fits this man's life. In July 1788, when Hazinedar Şahin Ali Pasha was removed from the seraskierate of the Russian front, Zihneli Hasan Pasha, who was given the vizierate and the governorship of Anatolia in his place, was appointed seraskier. The guardianship of İsakçı, which Hüsameddin says was given together with Amasya, also belongs to the same front, on the banks of the Danube. According to Pınar Doğanay's study based on archival documents, after the Russian siege, which lasted about fifty-two days, the fortress of Bender was surrendered without resistance on the fourth day of Muharrem 1204 [November 1789], and the Russians took the castle's guardian Zihneli Hasan Pasha prisoner. It is highly probable that the governor of Amasya and the captured guardian of Bender are the same person; however, no direct document linking the two records was found. This information also shows that in these years Amasya was given as a source of income to a vizier who was not on the spot but at the front, and that the administration was in practice left to the mütesellims.
On the mütesellim Abdünnebi Pasha and Mikdad Pasha's divan clerk Fazlıoğlu Abdüsselam Efendi, no information was found in other sources.
Kahvecibaşı Hüsameddin Ağa
Hüsameddin Ağa, who became kahvecibaşı with Selim III's accession, is one of the new sultan's closest men. In a footnote Hüsameddin writes that he saw him recorded as "Hüsam Ali Amasya" in the 1198 [1783–84] register of the Enderun ağas, which he found among the archive papers in Hagia Sophia, and his father as "Ali Hüsam Amasya" in the registers of 1181 and 1163; that is, he links his descent to Amasya by document. A memorial stone (nişan taşı) with a celi talik inscription of 1789, set up in his name, is today in the Military Museum at Harbiye in Istanbul.
The Dış Ruznâme, on the other hand, describes this ağa in quite a different tone. The author of the diary calls him "Georgian Kahvecibaşı Hüsam", says that he was raised from among the slaves of Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha, writes that it was he who steered the young sultan's favorite Küçük Hüseyin Ağa into meddling in affairs of state, and that he seized every tax farm bringing in money in Anatolia, Rumelia and the Morea. According to the same diary "Kahvecibaşı Hüsam" was removed from the Enderun in Receb 1206 [February 1792], and in the Muharrem of the following year received the vizierate and the governorship of Bosnia (see entry 74). The disagreement between Hüsameddin's "of Amasya" record and the "Georgian" description in the Ruznâme could not be resolved with the sources we have.
Beyhan Sultan's Kitchen Has
In 1789 the revenues of the sanjak of Amasya were set aside for Beyhan Sultan, sister of Selim III. Beyhan Sultan is the daughter of Mustafa III; born on 13 January 1766, she married Silahdar Mustafa Pasha in 1784. Biographies of her note that she received very many tax farms from both her uncle Abdülhamid I and her brother Selim III, and had palaces and fountains built on the Bosporus. The auction Hüsameddin relates shows how such a source of income worked: the administration of the sanjak is in the hands not of the sultana herself but of her steward, and the sanjak goes to whoever will pay the most. The two candidates competing for Amasya are representatives of two families that were mortal enemies of each other. One is Hayreddin Ragıb Pasha, grandson of Canikli Hacı Ali Pasha; the other is Çapanoğlu Süleyman Bey; both in the later entries will take Amasya in turn (entries 72 and 73). The Dış Ruznâme records that Beyhan Sultan's steward Ahmed Efendi changed place with another post in Muharrem 1207 [September 1792].
Yüzbaşıoğlu Mehmed Emin Ağa's Janissary Ağalık
Hüsameddin writes that Yüzbaşıoğlu Mehmed Emin Ağa of Amasya became janissary ağa in the year 1202 [1788]. In the lists enumerating the janissary ağas of this period, however, Hasan Ağa appears in this office from the autumn of 1787 to February 1789; no ağa named Mehmed Emin appears in the lists. Since the portion of the lists concerning these years contains date confusions, Hüsameddin's record could be neither verified nor refuted. Mehmed Emin Ağa appears in the next entry as administrator of Amasya.
Bibliography
Primary sources
Academic studies
- Pınar Doğanay, "Arşiv Belgeleri Işığında 1790 Tarihli İsmâil (İzmail) Kuşatması", Uluslararası Doğu Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6/2, 2024, https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/4159115
- İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, "Üçüncü Sultan Selim Zamanında Yazılmış Dış Ruznâmesinden 1206/1791 ve 1207/1792 Senelerine ait Vekayi", Belleten, XXXVII/148, 1973, https://belleten.gov.tr/eng/full-text/1301/tur
Other sources