Amasya ümerâsından Gümüşlüzâde Sirâceddîn İsmâ'il Bey'in mahdûmu olup 720 saferinde Amasya vâlîsi olmuşdur. Emîr-i müşârün-ileyhin vekîl-i umûru, kethüdâ-yı emâreti Musliheddîn Kutlu Bey idi. Fakat İşboğa'nın vefâtını müte'âkib emvâl ve emlâki Emîr Timurtaş tarafından müsâdere ve evlâd ü ıyâli tazyîk edilmekle oğullarından meşhûr Togatimur ihtifâ ve ıyâli Mısır'a firâr etdi. Dâmâdlarından Timurbay emîr-i müşârün-ileyhin meclûbu olup Ugurbay maktûl olmuşdur.
721'de eyâlet-i Rûmiyye'de meskûn Tatar ümerâsı bildikleri gibi mezâlim icrâsına fırsat bulamadıkları cihetle Emîr Timurtaş Bey'den yüz çevirip isyân ve kasabât ve kurâyı yağmâ ve talân etmelerine mebnî Timurtaş Bey, Tatarlar'ı eyâlet-i Rûmiyye'den tard ve ihrâc ve yurdlarını hâk ile yeksân edib 721 zilhiccesinde hükûmet-i İlhâniyye aleyhinde isyân ve eyâlet-i Rûmiyye'de nâmına hutbe okudup sikke darb ederek istiklâlini i'lân eyledi.
Eyâlet-i Rûmiyye'de mezâlim-i Tatar'dan cânları yanmış olan beyler ile [477] efrâd-ı nâs, Timurtaş Bey'in istiklâlini tervîc ve tahsîn ediyorlar, muvaffak olmasına bile çalışıyorlar idi. Fakat Timurtaş Bey'in tard eylediği Tatar ümerâsı Sultân Ebû Sa'îd Bahâdır Hân'a emîr-i müşârün-ileyhin isyânını i'lâm ederek acı acı şikâyet etmekde idiler.
Binâ'en-aleyh emîrü'l-ümerâ Çoban Noyin bir kuvve-i kâfiye alıp oğlunu terbiye için derhâl hareket ve 722 saferinde Erzincân'a muvâsalat eyledikde birkaç nâsih gönderip Emîr Timurtaş'ı itâ'ata da'vet ve oğlu Timurtaş Bey dahi Tatar ümerâsının yapdıkları mezâlimi ta'dâd etmekle onlardan şikâyet ediyor, bunların eyâlet-i Rûmiyye'den ihrâcını teklîf eyliyordu.
Timurtaş Bey, teklîfâtının kabûl edilmediğini gördükde kuvve-i mevcûdesiyle pederinin ordusunu ansızın basıp yağmâ ve ba'zı ümerâ-yı Tatar'ı katl etmiş, baba ile oğul arasında bi'z-zarûre harb açılmakla Emîr Çoban oğluna galebe edib Sivas'a girmiş, oğlunu istiklâle teşvîk edenleri aramağa başlamış, ya'nî bu töhmet-i isyânı def' edecek bir çâre aramışdır.
Emîr Timurtaş, Amasya'dan celb eylediği İşboğa'nın dâmâdı Seyfeddîn Timur Kâmî'yi emîrü'l-ümerâ ve Sivas a'yânından Kemâleddîn Ahmed bin Râhat et-Tebrîzî'yi vezîr ve meşâhîr-i ulemâdan Necmeddîn Ömer bin Ahmed et-Tîsî'yi⁴³⁶ dahi kâdı'l-kudât nasb ederek bunların [478] akıl ve re'yinden istifâde, hâ'iz oldukları nüfûz ile tedvîr-i umûr etmekde idi.
Emîrü'l-ümerâ Çoban Noyin Sivas'da bu bîçâreleri bâ'is-i töhmet diye i'dâm ederek oğlu bulunan Timurtaş Bey'in igfâl edildiğini ve itâ'at-ı pâdişâhîde ber-devâm olduğunu arz ve afvıyla beraber makâmında ibkâsını istirhâm etmiş, matlûbu vechile Sultân Ebû Sa'îd Bahâdır Hân'dan cevâb-ı muvâfakat aldıkdan sonra Amasya emîri Gümüşlüzâde Tâceddîn Mahmûd Bey'i, Hânkâh-ı Mes'ûdî şeyhi Alâ'eddîn Alî Âşık Paşa'yı Sivas'a celb edib oğluna müşâvir nasb ve Amasya emâretine Nâsıreddîn Ahmed Bey'i ta'yîn etmişdir.
In Modern English
He was the son of Gümüşlüzâde Sirâceddin İsmail Bey, one of the emirs of Amasya; he became governor of Amasya in Safar 720 [1320]. The deputy who managed the said emir's affairs was the steward of the emirate, Musliheddin Kutlu Bey. After İşboğa's death, when his goods and property were confiscated by Emir Timurtaş and his wife and children were pressed, his son, the famed Togatimur, went into hiding and his family fled to Egypt. Of his sons-in-law, Timurbay was dragged along with the said emir, while Uğurbay was killed.
In 721 [1321-22] the Tatar emirs living in the province of Rûm, finding no opportunity to commit cruelty as they pleased, turned away from Emir Timurtaş Bey and rebelled; they plundered and pillaged towns and villages. Thereupon Timurtaş Bey drove the Tatars out of the province of Rûm and razed their homelands. In Dhu'l-Hijja 721 [1322] he rebelled against the Ilkhanid government, had the khutba read in his name in the province of Rûm, had coins struck, and proclaimed his independence.
The beys and people of the province of Rûm, whose hearts had been burned by Tatar tyranny, supported and approved Timurtaş Bey's independence and even worked for his success. But the Tatar emirs whom Timurtaş Bey had driven out reported the said emir's revolt to Sultan Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan and complained bitterly.
Thereupon Çoban Noyin, emir of the emirs, took a sufficient force and set out at once to bring his son into line. When he reached Erzincan in Safar 722 [1322], he sent several advisers and called Emir Timurtaş to obedience. His son Timurtaş Bey, listing the cruelties the Tatar emirs had committed, complained of them and proposed that they be removed from the province of Rûm.
When Timurtaş Bey saw that his proposals were not accepted, with the force he had he suddenly raided and plundered his father's army and killed some of the Tatar emirs. When war broke out of necessity between father and son, Emir Çoban prevailed over his son, entered Sivas and began to look for those who had encouraged his son to independence; that is, he was searching for a means to clear himself of the suspicion of this revolt.
Emir Timurtaş had appointed Seyfeddin Timur Kâmî, İşboğa's son-in-law, whom he had brought from Amasya, as emir of the emirs; Kemâleddin Ahmed bin Râhat et-Tebrîzî, one of the notables of Sivas, as vizier; and Necmeddin Ömer bin Ahmed et-Tîsî, one of the famed scholars, as chief judge. He conducted affairs by drawing on their intelligence and views and the influence they held.
Çoban Noyin, emir of the emirs, had these wretched men executed in Sivas as the cause of suspicion. He submitted that his son Timurtaş Bey had been deceived and continued in obedience to the sovereign, and asked that he be pardoned and remain in his post. After receiving from Sultan Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan the suitable reply he wished, he summoned Gümüşlüzâde Tâceddin Mahmud Bey, emir of Amasya, and Alâeddin Ali Âşık Pasha, sheikh of the Hankâh-ı Mesûdî, to Sivas and appointed them as advisers to his son; he also appointed Nâsıreddin Ahmed Bey to the emirate of Amasya.
Notes and Research
Old Words in the Text
- mahdûm: son
- kethüdâ-yı emâret: steward of the emirate, official at the head of administrative affairs
- müsâdere: confiscation of property by the state
- ihtifâ: going into hiding
- meclûb: person dragged along, brought
- mezâlim: acts of tyranny
- hutbe okutmak, sikke darb etmek: the two symbols of independent rule; having the Friday khutba read in one's name and having coins struck
- emîrü'l-ümerâ: emir of emirs, commander-in-chief
- nâsih: person who gives advice
- igfâl: deceiving, misleading
- kâdı'l-kudât: chief judge
- müşâvir: adviser
- töhmet: suspicion, accusation
Timurtaş's Revolt
The event that Hüsameddin places in 721-722 is described in present-day studies as Timurtaş's (Demirtaş Noyan's) declaration of independence in Anatolia. In an academic study the date of the event is given as 1321 or 1322 according to the sources; taking into account that Hüsameddin gives 1321 and places the event in the last months of the year, it is stated that the difference arises from a date falling at the end of the year, and that the event may be said to lie between the last days of 1321 and the first days of 1322. It is related that Timurtaş at this time established a strict administration that brought order and security in Anatolia, that with the trust the people felt in him he proclaimed himself the Mahdi, the savior of the end times, had the khutba read and coins struck in his name, and asked for help from the Mamluk sultan. Hüsameddin's detail of "khutba and coin" coincides with this account.
The studies write that Çoban at first went out to Anatolia with Sultan Abu Sa'id's permission, despite the winter season and his illness. Hüsameddin says that a war broke out between father and son and that Çoban won and entered Sivas. In the academic account, however, it is stated that unrest arose in Timurtaş's army before the expected battle began, that war between father and son was regarded as ill omen in Mongol tradition, and that for this reason Timurtaş met his father on foot and said "welcome". Çoban bound his son and took him before the sultan, and the sultan, for his father's sake, pardoned him and appointed him governor-general of Anatolia again. While rescuing his son, Çoban laid the blame on his men and had them killed. That Hüsameddin gives the names of those executed in Sivas (Seyfeddin Timur Kâmî, Kemâleddin Ahmed, Necmeddin Ömer) agrees with this account; but whether these three names occur in other sources was not found. The two accounts differ on whether the battle really took place.
Gümüşlüzâde Mahmud Bey and the Gümüşlü Mosque
Gümüşlüzâde Tâceddin Mahmud is remembered through the Gümüşlü Mosque, still standing in Amasya today. The first construction date of the mosque is given as 1326 and its builder as Taceddin Mahmud Çelebi; after the repair Gümüşlüzâde İbrahim Bey had made in 1688, the mosque has been known by its present name. It stands on a small rise opposite the Hükümet Bridge, overlooking Yavuz Selim Square from slightly above. It is a square-plan building of regular cut stone, with a last-congregation porch added on the north in 1903 and an octagonal dome; its painted decoration dates from 1960.
In the study on the Altunbaş Tomb, since the location of the Gümüşlüzâde tomb is not known today, the possibility is raised that this tomb, about 150 meters from the mosque, belongs to Mahmud Çelebi.
The confiscation of Gümüşlüzâde Mahmud Bey's property and the dispersal of his family could not be found in the sources examined other than Hüsameddin. No other information was found on the fate of Togatimur and Timurbay either.
Bibliography
Primary sources
- Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar, Amasya Tarihi, Amasya Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, 2022, vol. 2, p. 383–384. amasya.bel.tr
Academic studies
- Ş. Cem Tuysuz, "İlhanlı Devletinin Anadolu Genel Valisi Temürtaş'ın Siyasi, Askeri ve Sosyal Hayatı", ATASOBED, 22/3, 2018, p. 1649–1675. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/553643
- "Anadolu'da Bir İlhanlı Valisi: Demirtaş Noyan (1314-1328)", Muğla Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, sayı 23, 2009. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/217271
- "Son Anadolu Selçuklu Meliki Taceddin Altunbaş'ın Amasya'daki Medresesi ve Türbesi", Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/jss/article/1258201
Official sources