Esbak Amasya vâlîsi Tugrak (Durak) Beyzâde İzzeddîn Balabân bin Salâr Bey'in oğlu olup 733 evâsıtında ya'nî cumadelûlâ evâhirinde eyâlet-i Rûmiyye vâlî-i umûmîsi Emîr Şeyh Hasan Noyin tarafından Amasya emîri olmuşdur.⁴⁴⁷
Amasya kâdı'l-kudâtı İmâdeddîn Ömer Çelebi ve nâibi Şerefeddîn Ya'kûb Çelebi bin ez-Ziyârî ve umûr-ı askeriyye nâzırı Büyük Şemseddîn Muhammed en-Nahcivânî ve sadru’l-ulemâ Küçük Şemseddîn Muhammed en-Nahcivânî ve emîrü'l-beled Buşaklu Musliheddîn Kutlu Bey olmuşdur. [491]
Bu zamânın ricâlinden Gümüşlüzâde Tâceddîn Mahmûd Çelebi, Torumtayzâde Zeyneddîn Ya'kûb Şâh Çelebi, Halifetzâde Alâ'addîn Alî Bey Çelebi pek meşhûr olup 727 vak'asında Mısır'a giden Cemâleddîn İbrâhim el-Aksarâyî 733'de Amasya'ya avdet etmekle münhal olan Hânkâh-ı Mes'ûdî meşîhatına nasb olundu.
735 rebî'ulâhirinde Gümüşlüzâde Tâceddîn Mahmûd Çelebi irtihâl etmekle köşkü önünde kâ'in bahçesine defn edilip oğulları Abdullah, Ahmed, Kâsım Çelebiler bunun yerine kâ'im olmuş, müteveffâ-yı müşârün-ileyhin ammizâdesi Pîr Kutbeddîn Muhammed Çelebi bu hânedânın ekberi olarak Gümüşlüzâde Mahallesi'nde ihtiyâr-ı uzlet etmişdir.
Amasya emâretinin tâbi' olduğu devlet-i İlhâniyye hükümdârı Sultân Ebû Sa'îd Bahâdır Hân, son derece sevdiği Emîr Çoban'ın kızı Bağdâd Hâtun'a teslîm-i zimâm-ı hükûmet ederek zevk ve safâsıyla meşgûl bir hâlde 736 rebî'ulevvelinde bilâ-veled-i zükûr vefât etmekle Âl-i Cengiz arasında kâ'im olan nizâ'-ı saltanat belâsıyla hükûmet-i İlhâniyye'nin yetmiş sekiz senelik nüfûzu Anadolu'da zâ'il olmuşdur.
Çünkü Bağdâd Hâtun, zimâm-ı hükûmeti ele aldıkdan sonra "Hünkâr Hâtun" demekle meşhûre⁴⁴⁸ olarak hall ü akd-ı umûra [492] mübâşeret etmekle ümerânın gücüne gidip her biri bulundukları vilâyât-ı cesîmede müstakilâne hareket ve Sultân Ebû Sa'îd Bahâdır Hân nâmına icrâ-yı saltanat ediyorlardı.
Vâlîlerin her biri kendi vilâyeti dâhilinde bulunan bilâd-ı cesîmeden her birine a'mâl-i askere kâdir, servet ve haysiyete sâhib, siyâset-i medeniyyeye vâkıf olan yerli ümerâdan en ziyâde nâfizü'l-kelim olan birini emîr ta'yîn etmekle bu emîrler dahi kendi emâreti dâhilinde vâlî-i umûmî nâmına müstakilâne îfâ-yı hükûmet etmekde idiler.
Binâ'en-aleyh devlet-i İlhâniyye'nin medâr-ı nüfûzu olan Sultân Ebû Sa'îd Bahâdır Hân'ın vücûdu zâ'il olduğu günden i'tibâren râbıta-i saltanat bozulmuş, vâlîlerin her biri Âl-i Cengiz'den birini iltizâm etmekle nüfûz-ı hükûmet inkısâma uğrayıp hükûmet-i İlhâniyye icrâ-yı te'sîrden kalmışdır.
Fesübhânallâhi'l-Hayyi'l-Kayyûm velâ havle velâ kuvvete illâ billâhi'l-aliyyi'l-azîm.
İkinci Cildin Sonu.
In Modern English
He was the son of İzzeddin Balaban bin Salar Bey, a son of Tugrak (Durak) Bey, former governor of Amasya. In mid-733, that is, at the end of Jumada al-awwal [1333], he was made emir of Amasya by Emir Şeyh Hasan Noyin, governor-general of the province of Rûm.
The chief judge of Amasya was İmâdeddin Ömer Çelebi; his deputy, Şerefeddin Yakub Çelebi bin ez-Ziyârî; the overseer of military affairs, Büyük Şemseddin Muhammed en-Nahcivânî; the head of the ulema, Küçük Şemseddin Muhammed en-Nahcivânî; and the emir of the city, Buşaklu Musliheddin Kutlu Bey.
Among the notables of this time Gümüşlüzâde Tâceddin Mahmud Çelebi, Torumtayzâde Zeyneddin Yakub Şah Çelebi and Halifetzâde Alâeddin Ali Bey Çelebi were very famous. Cemâleddin İbrahim el-Aksarâyî, who had gone to Egypt in the events of 727, returned to Amasya in 733 [1332-33] and was appointed to the sheikhdom of the Hankâh-ı Mesûdî, which had fallen vacant.
When Gümüşlüzâde Tâceddin Mahmud Çelebi died in Rabî' al-âkhir 735 [1334-35], he was buried in the garden in front of his mansion; his sons Abdullah, Ahmed and Kâsım Çelebi succeeded him. The late man's cousin Pîr Kutbeddin Muhammed Çelebi, as the eldest of this house, withdrew into seclusion in the Gümüşlüzâde quarter.
Sultan Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, ruler of the Ilkhanid state to which the emirate of Amasya was attached, handed the administration of the state to Bağdat Hatun, daughter of the Emir Çoban he loved so much, and, occupied with pleasure and delight, died in Rabî' al-awwal 736 [1335] without a male child. Because of the plague of the quarrel over the throne that arose among the line of Genghis, the seventy-eight-year influence of the Ilkhanid government in Anatolia came to an end.
For when Bağdat Hatun, after taking the reins of the state in her hands, began to run affairs, being called "Hünkâr Hatun", this offended the emirs' strength. Each of them was acting independently in the wide provinces they held, exercising sovereignty in the name of Sultan Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan.
Each of the governors appointed as emir to each of the wide districts within his province the local emir with the greatest say, one capable in military affairs, possessing wealth and standing and knowing the politics of the city. These emirs in turn conducted administration independently within their emirates in the name of the governor-general.
For this reason, from the day the existence of Sultan Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan, the support of Ilkhanid influence, disappeared, the bond of the sultanate was broken. When each of the governors supported one of the line of Genghis, the influence of the government was divided and the Ilkhanid government lost its effect.
The Arabic phrase meaning "I glorify God, the Living and the Sustainer of all; there is no power and no strength except with the help of God, the Exalted, the Great."
End of the Second Volume.
Notes and Research
Old Words in the Text
- esbak: former, previous
- emîr-i beled: emir of the city, official responsible for city administration
- sadru'l-ulemâ: head of the ulema
- kâdı'l-kudât: chief judge
- nâib: deputy, judge's assistant
- ricâl: the notable persons of the age
- ammizâde: cousin (son of a paternal uncle)
- bilâ-veled-i zükûr: without a male child
- nizâ'-ı saltanat: quarrel over the throne
- hall ü akd: untying and binding affairs, authority to conduct the affairs of state
- vilâyât-ı cesîme: wide provinces
- nâfizü'l-kelim: one whose word carries, whose word is heeded
- râbıta-i saltanat: bond of the sultanate
- iltizâm: holding on to someone, attaching oneself to him
- hunkâr: sovereign, ruler
Şihâbeddin Şâdî Bey
In volume 11 of Hüsameddin's book there is a separate biography of Şâdî Bey. It is written there that he was of the line of Tığrak Bey, the former governor of Amasya whose mosque and tomb are in Amasya, that he was the son of İzzeddin Balaban Bey, and that he was born while his father was emir of Hoy in Azerbaijan. It relates that he pursued learning there, came as treasurer of Amasya during Timurtaş Bey's governorship of Sivas and was known for some seven years in this post. Afterwards he stayed for a time in Samsun, charged with collecting its revenues; at Timurtaş's flight to Egypt in 727 he was accused of misappropriation and sent to Ankara, and when his accounts were examined and his innocence understood he was released through Eretna's intercession and went to Tabriz. In 730 he returned to his post and, on the death of Bâbuk Şah, governor of Amasya, was appointed governor of Amasya in Jumada al-âkhira 733 on the recommendation of Büyük Şeyh Hasan and by the decree of Abu Sa'id. In this entry Hüsameddin gives the time of his appointment as the end of Jumada al-awwal, in volume 11 as Jumada al-âkhira; the difference is one month.
The same biography writes that after Abu Sa'id's death a rift opened between Timurtaş's son Küçük Şeyh Hasan and the governor of Anatolia Büyük Şeyh Hasan, that Şâdî Bey, learning that Büyük Şeyh Hasan had been defeated in the battle that was fought, died in early 737, and that on his testament he was buried in Amasya in the tomb of his great-grandfather near his garden. The footnote to this entry writes that Şâdî Bey's lineage and his emirate are mentioned in a waqf deed dated 737; in the biography in volume 11 the date of the waqf deed appears as 736. His children were called "Şâdî Beyzâdeler"; they had waqfs in Amasya, Samsun and Erzincan. Hüsameddin describes him as learned, accomplished, prudent, attached to the Mongol khans and beys, and devout. This information could not be verified with other sources; no independent information on Şâdî Bey was found in the sources examined.
According to what is related in volume 1 of Hüsameddin's book, after Şâdî Bey's fall the emirate of Amasya passed to Şerefeddin Yakub Şah, son of Torumtay, who is mentioned as emir of Amasya in early 737. It is also written there that Yakub Şah was counted among Timurtaş's close men and was at the head of Küçük Şeyh Hasan's army and the manager of his affairs.
Gümüşlüzâde Tâceddin Mahmud Çelebi
Hüsameddin's biography in volume 8 relates that Mahmud Çelebi descended from Gümüşlü Muînüddin Abdullah, one of the treasurers of the Seljuk period, that as a child his father was taken captive by the Egyptians, that he grew up an orphan, studied, was a scribe under Pervâne Beyzâde Mühezzebeddin Mesud Bey's governorship of Amasya, and then in İşboğa Noyin's time became müstevfi of the province of Rûm. On İşboğa's death in Safar 720 he became governor of Amasya; in 722 he was summoned to Sivas as Timurtaş's adviser and stayed there five years; he began the construction of the mosque in Amasya and arranged its waqfs in 726. In 727 he went to Egypt with Timurtaş, was imprisoned in the Alexandria dungeon, was released in early 732 and returned to Amasya, and the property that had been confiscated was returned to him; he died in Rabî' al-âkhir 735. It is stated that he was buried in his great tomb northwest of the tomb of Pîr İlyas-ı Halvetî, and that since the gravestones were lost his inscription could not be found. The place where his house stood was called "Gümüşlüzâde quarter", and his mosque was called first Tâciye Mosque and then Gümüşlüzâde Mosque.
This mosque stands in Amasya today under the name Gümüşlü Mosque. The first construction date of the mosque is given as 1326 and its builder as Taceddin Mahmud Çelebi; it has reached the present day rebuilt or repaired after fires and earthquakes. It is called by its present name in reference to Gümüşlüzâde İbrahim Bey, who had the repair of 1688 made. The information Hüsameddin gives in volume 8, that the waqfs were arranged in 726, agrees with the mosque's date of 1326. A study on the Taceddin Altunbaş Tomb also states the possibility that this structure belongs to Mahmud Çelebi, since the location of the Gümüşlüzâde tomb is not known today. In volume 8 Hüsameddin shows the grave northwest of the tomb of Pîr İlyas-ı Halvetî; in this entry he writes that he was buried in the garden in front of his mansion. The relation of the tomb mentioned in the Altunbaş study to this place has not been established in the sources examined.
The Collapse of the Ilkhanid State
Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan ruled as Ilkhanid ruler between 1317 and 1335, died in Karabakh on 13 Rabî' al-âkhir 736 [30 November 1335], and his body was buried in the tomb he had built for himself at Sultaniyya. Hüsameddin shows the death in Rabî' al-awwal 736; in the encyclopedic study the month is Rabî' al-âkhir. His death without leaving an heir led to quarrels among members of the dynasty, to the fragmentation of the state, and to its replacement by local dynasties. This agrees with Hüsameddin's account of the "breaking of the bond of the sultanate" and the governors' acting independently.
Bağdat Hatun was the daughter of Emir Çoban. She married Hasan-ı Büzürg, founder of the Celayirid dynasty, in 1323; when Abu Sa'id, seeing her at the Ucan plateau in 1325, wished to marry her, she became the cause of the rift between Emir Çoban and the khan. In the end she divorced Hasan and married Abu Sa'id, rose to the position of chief wife at the palace and took the title Hudâvendigâr. Ibn Battûta also reports the rumor that Abu Sa'id was poisoned by her; Arpa Khan, who took the throne after Abu Sa'id, held Bağdat Hatun responsible for the death and had her killed by a blow to the head with a mace in the bath. Hüsameddin's explanation of the epithet "Hünkâr Hatun" from the root "kunkar" and his statement that it is not a corruption of "Hudâvendigâr" seem to conflict with the epithet "Hudâvendigâr" in the encyclopedic study; which is correct could not be settled with certainty in this study.
Bibliography
Primary sources
- Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar, Amasya Tarihi, Amasya Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, 2022, vol. 2, p. 388–389. amasya.bel.tr
- Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar, Amasya Tarihi, vols. 1-4 (e-book), p. 399–400. https://amasya.bel.tr/uploads/e-kitap/kitap/1-4/files/basic-html/page400.html
- Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar, Amasya Tarihi, vols. 6-8 (e-book), p. 479. https://amasya.bel.tr/uploads/e-kitap/kitap/6-8/files/basic-html/page479.html
- Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar, Amasya Tarihi, vols. 9-12 (e-book), p. 365. https://amasya.bel.tr/uploads/e-kitap/kitap/9-12/files/basic-html/page365.html
Academic studies
Official sources