Amasyalıdır. Bekir Beyzâde Hacı Osman Bey'in oğludur. 1172 saferinin yirmi sekizinci günü Amasya mutasarrıfı olup vusûlüne kadar baş a'yân Hacı Alî Bey mütesellim oldu.
Rebî'ulevvelde mutasarrıf geldi. Hacı Kadiroğlu Hacı Hâfız Mehmed Ağa hacıbaşı ve Emîr Hacıoğlu Hacı Mustafâ Ağa da nakîb oldu. Bu ayda Hâtuniye hatîbi Çavuşoğlu Hacı Mehmed [98] Efendi bin Receb vefât edip mahdûmu Hâfız Ahmed Efendi hatîb oldu.
Rebî'ulâhirde sâbık Şâm vâlisi ve emîrü'l-hacc olan Mekkîzâde Hacı Hüseyin Paşa hac yolunda Urbân'a mağlûb olduğundan azl ve habs ve sonra Amasya'ya nefy edilmekle gelip İçeri Şehir'de ikâmet ettirildi.
Cemâziyelâhir ibtidâsında Şeyh Mehmed Efendi Amasya kadısı olup geldi. Recebde ulemânın başı Iydîzâde Hacı Âkif Mustafâ Efendi riyâsetinde toplanan âlimler Magosa kalesine sürülen âlimlerin günâhsız ve Fazlı Oğulları'nın suçlu olduklarına dâ'ir bir mahzar-ı umûmî yazıp dîvân-ı hümâyûna gönderdiler.
Şevvâlde Magosa'ya gönderilen âlimler İstanbul'a celb edilip zilhiccede afv ve tatyîb edilerek Amasya'ya gönderildiler. Vak'aların ikinci def'a tahkîkâtına lüzûm görüldü. Bu yıl Atabeg müderrisi Zanalızâde Hacı Abdullâh Efendi vefât edip oğulları Ahmed, Mahmûd Efendiler yerini tutdu.
1173 muharreminde Hacı Feyzullâhoğlu Hacı Hüseyin Ağa baş a'yân ve mütesellim olup mutasarrıf Ebûbekir Paşa levend eşkıyâsıyla meşgûl ve mahkeme kâtibi Fazlıoğlu Hacı İsmâ'il Efendi de Amasya nâ'ibi olup kadı İstanbul'a gitdi. [99]
Saferde Fazlı Oğulları'nın muhâsebe ve muhâkemesine ve teftîşi ahvâllerine mübâşir ta'yîn edilen silahşör Behzat Ağa adamlarıyla İstanbul'dan gelip bâ-fermân-ı âlî Müftüzâde Abdullâh Efendi husûsî hâkim ta'yîn edildi.
Rebî'ulevvelde müftü, nâ'ib ve kâtib, şehir kethüdâsı, nakîb azl edilip fuzalâdan Seküköylüoğlu Hacı Kâşif Mehmed Efendi müftü, Abdullâh Efendi nâ'ib, Taşâbâdîzâde Hacı Mehmed Emîn Efendi mahkeme kâtibi, Damgacı Hacı Ahmed Ağa şehir kethüdâsı ve Hacı Bâkî Ağa da nakîb oldu.
Recebin yirmi birinci pazar günü sabâhında fâzıl-ı meşhûr esbak müftü ve Sultâniyye müderrisi Iydîzâde Hacı Âkif Mustafâ Efendi vefât etdi. Amasya büyük bir mâtem günü yaşadı.
Ramazanda esbak bostancıbaşı Halîl Ağazâde Hacı Ömer Ağa vefât edip malının üçde biriyle bir medrese yapdırılmasını vasiyet ve müftü Kâşif Mehmed Efendi'yi vâsî nasb etmişdi. Yapdırılan medreseye Kâşifiyye dendi.
Şevvâl ibtidâlarında yapılan muhâsebe ve muhâkeme netîcesinde Fazlı Oğulları'nın zimmetleri ve tahsîl edilmiş vergileri ikinci def'a tahsîl edip zimmetlerine geçirdikleri sâbit olduğundan hukûk-ı hazîne ve halkı tazmîne mahkûm olup Amasya kalesine habs edildiler. [100]
Zilka'dede Magosa'ya gönderilen Torumtay müderrisi ve sâbık müftü Köprülü Hacı Mehmed Efendi, sonra Yörgüç Paşa müderrisi Kürd Hâfızoğlu fuzalâdan Hacı Abdurrahmân Efendi ve Torumtay vakfı mütevellîsi Gürcüzâde Hâfız Hıfzı Mehmed Efendi vefât etdi.
1174 muharreminde mevlevîhâne şeyhi Ahmed Efendi baş a'yân ve Moramulluoğlu Hacı Mehmed Ağa hacıbaşı ve iki gün sonra Çorumlu Hacı Alî Efendi Amasya müftüsü ve Gürcüzâde Halîl Bey bin Mustafâ Paşa Torumtay vakfı mütevellîsi oldu.
Rebî'ulâhir ibtidâsında Birgili Süleymân Efendi kadı ve yine Abdullâh Efendi Amasya nâ'ibi olup Fazlı Oğulları, hazîne ve halkın hukûkunu tamâmiyle ödediklerine binâ'en bâ-fermân-ı âlî Magosa kalesine i'zâm ve kale-bend edildikden sonra Behzat Ağa İstanbul'a gitdi.
Müftü Hacı Alî Efendi hastalandığından isti'fâ edip yerine Aybatsalı Hacı Abdullâh Efendi Amasya müftüsü oldu. Buna "Uzun Müftü" denirdi. Rebî'ulâhirde sâbık müftü Çorumlu Hacı Alî Efendi bin Abdulfettâh Efendi ve bir gün sonra ders-i âm Kürd Mustafâ Efendi vefât etdi.
Cemâziyelevvelde Bozok beyi meşhûr Abdulcebbârzâde Çapan Ahmed Bey mîr-i mîrânlıkla Sivâs vâlîsi oldu. [101]
In Modern English
He was a native of Amasya. He was the son of Bekir Beyzade Hacı Osman Bey. On the twenty-eighth day of Safer 1172 [1758] he became mutasarrıf of Amasya; until he arrived, the chief notable Hacı Ali Bey served as mütesellim (deputy administrator).
The mutasarrıf arrived in Rebiülevvel. Hacı Kadiroğlu Hacı Hafız Mehmed Ağa became hacıbaşı, and Emir Hacıoğlu Hacı Mustafa Ağa became nakîb (representative of the sayyids and sharifs). In the same month Çavuşoğlu Hacı Mehmed Efendi son of Receb, preacher of the Hatuniye Mosque, died, and his son Hafız Ahmed Efendi became preacher.
In Rebiülahir Mekkîzâde Hacı Hüseyin Pasha, formerly governor of Damascus and emir of the pilgrimage, was dismissed and imprisoned because he had been defeated by Arab Bedouin tribes on the pilgrimage road; he was then exiled to Amasya. On arrival he was settled in the İçeri Şehir.
At the beginning of Cemaziyelahir Şeyh Mehmed Efendi arrived as kadı of Amasya. In Receb the scholars, gathering under the chairmanship of Iydîzâde Hacı Âkif Mustafa Efendi, head of the Amasya scholars, drew up a petition of complaint (mahzar) written on behalf of the whole people, stating that the scholars exiled to the fortress of Famagusta were innocent and the Fazlıoğulları guilty, and sent it to the Imperial Council.
In Şevval the scholars who had been sent to Famagusta were brought to Istanbul; in Zilhicce they were pardoned, their hearts were won, and they were sent back to Amasya. A second investigation of the events was deemed necessary. This year Zanalızade Hacı Abdullah Efendi, müderris of the Atabey Madrasa, died; his sons Ahmed and Mahmud Efendi succeeded him.
In Muharrem 1173 [1759] Hacı Feyzullahoğlu Hacı Hüseyin Ağa became chief notable and mütesellim. The mutasarrıf Ebubekir Pasha was occupied with the levend (masterless armed) bandits. The court clerk Fazlıoğlu Hacı İsmail Efendi became naib (deputy of the kadı) of Amasya, and the kadı went to Istanbul.
In Safer the silahşor Behzat Ağa, assigned to examine the accounts of the Fazlıoğulları, try them and investigate their circumstances, came from Istanbul with his men; by imperial decree Müftüzade Abdullah Efendi was appointed special judge for this case.
In Rebiülevvel the mufti, the naib, the court clerk, the city kethüda and the nakîb were dismissed. Among the scholars Seküköylüoğlu Hacı Kâşif Mehmed Efendi became mufti, Abdullah Efendi naib, Taşabadizade Hacı Mehmed Emin Efendi court clerk, Damgacı Hacı Ahmed Ağa city kethüda, and Hacı Baki Ağa nakîb.
On the morning of Sunday, the twenty-first of Receb, the renowned scholar, former mufti and müderris of the Sultaniye (Bayezid II) Madrasa, Iydîzâde Hacı Âkif Mustafa Efendi, died. Amasya lived through a great day of mourning.
In Ramazan the former bostancıbaşı Halil Ağazade Hacı Ömer Ağa died. He had bequeathed that a madrasa be built with one third of his property and had appointed the mufti Kâşif Mehmed Efendi as vasi (executor of the will). The madrasa that was built was given the name Kâşifiye.
At the end of the account examination and trial conducted in early Şevval it was established that the Fazlıoğulları had collected their own debts and previously collected taxes a second time and pocketed them. For this reason they were sentenced to pay the loss of the treasury and the people, and were imprisoned in the Amasya Castle.
In Zilkade Köprülü Hacı Mehmed Efendi, müderris of the Torumtay Madrasa and a former mufti, who had been exiled to Famagusta, died; after him Kürd Hafızoğlu Hacı Abdurrahman Efendi, müderris of the Yörgüç Pasha Madrasa and one of the scholars, and Gürcüzade Hafız Hıfzı Mehmed Efendi, steward of the Torumtay waqf, also died.
In Muharrem 1174 [1760] Ahmed Efendi, sheikh of the Mevlevihane, became chief notable, and Moramulluoğlu Hacı Mehmed Ağa became hacıbaşı. Two days later Hacı Ali Efendi of Çorum became mufti of Amasya, and Gürcüzade Halil Bey son of Mustafa Pasha became steward of the Torumtay waqf.
At the beginning of Rebiülahir Birgili Süleyman Efendi became kadı, and again Abdullah Efendi became naib of Amasya. Since the Fazlıoğulları had fully paid what they owed to the treasury and the people, they were sent by imperial decree to the fortress of Famagusta and confined there as kalebent (the penalty of confinement in a fortress). After this Behzat Ağa returned to Istanbul.
Since the mufti Hacı Ali Efendi fell ill he resigned; in his place Aybatsalı Hacı Abdullah Efendi became mufti of Amasya. He was called "the Tall Mufti". In Rebiülahir the former mufti Hacı Ali Efendi of Çorum son of Abdülfettah Efendi died, and a day later the dersiam (madrasa professor who gave lessons in mosques) Kürd Mustafa Efendi died.
In Cemaziyelevvel the bey of Bozok, the famous Abdülcebbarzade Çapan Ahmed Bey, became governor of Sivas with the rank of beylerbeyi.
Notes and Research
Old Words in the Text
- mutasarrıf: the pasha who governed a sanjak
- mütesellim: the deputy who governed the sanjak in the mutasarrıf's name when he had not arrived or was absent
- baş a'yân: head of the notables of the city
- hacıbaşı: a local official regarded as representative of the pilgrims and the notables
- nakîb: the city deputy of the nakîbüleşraf, representative of the sayyids and sharifs
- Urbân: Bedouin Arab tribes
- nefy: exile
- mahzar-ı umûmî: a petition of complaint or request submitted collectively on behalf of the people
- tatyîb: winning over, consoling
- nâ'ib: the deputy who handled judicial matters in place of the kadı
- mübâşir: an official sent from the center to carry out a task on the spot
- zimmet: an outstanding debt; appropriation of public money
- tazmîn: paying for the loss
- vâsî: the person charged with carrying out a will
- i'zâm: sending
- kale-bend: a person punished by being confined in a fortress
- ders-i âm: a high-ranking müderris who gave public lessons in a mosque
- mîr-i mîrân: the rank of beylerbeyi
The End of the Fazlıoğulları Case
This entry recounts how a great corruption case that had burst out in the previous mutasarrıf's term was resolved. According to the information Hüsameddin gave in earlier pages, the Fazlıoğulları, who collected taxes under the protection of Zaralıoğlu Mehmed Pasha, governor of Sivas, had crushed the people; the people had stoned their mansions, and one of the tax collectors had died under a beating. The inspector who came in 1171 [1757-58] to investigate the events, Hindî Ahmed Paşazade Mehmed Pasha, had, on the Fazlıoğulları's steering, laid the blame on the scholars; the former mufti Hacı Mehmed Efendi, the imaret sheikh Hacı Mehmed Efendi and the şeyhülkurra Hacı İbrahim Efendi had been taken from their homes at night and exiled to Famagusta Castle on Cyprus. What is recounted in this entry shows how the scholars, gathering under the chairmanship of Iydîzâde Âkif Efendi, reversed this decision with public support, how the exiled scholars were pardoned and returned, and how the true culprits were sent first to the Amasya Castle and, after they had paid their debts, to Famagusta. The exiled former mufti reappears near the end of the entry as "Köprülü Hacı Mehmed Efendi, müderris of Torumtay and former mufti, who was sent to Famagusta"; he died about a year after his return to Amasya.
In the eighteenth century Famagusta was one of the main places where the Ottoman state carried out penalties of exile and kalebend. Yunus Kırayit's study based on archival documents explains that islands such as Cyprus, Rhodes, Chios, Lesbos and Lemnos were used for this purpose, that in the penalty of exile a person was sent away from where he lived, and that in the penalty of kalebend he was confined in a fortress. In the kalebend records Kırayit examined, offenses such as stirring up sedition among the people, oppression of the people, banditry and storming the court stand out. In the incident Hüsameddin recounts, the first exile decision was given by regarding the scholars as "the cause of the sedition", while in the second trial the penalty was directed at the tax-collecting family that had oppressed the people. The penalty given to the scholars was exile, and that given to the Fazlıoğulları was kalebend.
Mekkîzâde Hüseyin Pasha and the Pilgrimage Disaster of 1757
Mekkîzâde Hüseyin Pasha, sent to Amasya in exile, is the chief actor of one of the gravest disasters in Ottoman pilgrimage history. Coming from a family of Gaza, the Pasha, while mutasarrıf of Jerusalem, was appointed on 12 January 1757 to the governorship of Damascus and the emirate of the pilgrimage, and the sanjaks of Jerusalem, Nablus and Gaza were also given to him. Mustafa Güler and Fatih Özaslan explain his appointment to this post, even though he had not previously served as a vizier or provincial governor, by his presence in Jerusalem and his close knowledge of the Bedouin question. The Pasha took the pilgrims safely as far as Medina; but on the return, first the cerde (escort) unit that went out to meet the caravan was scattered by the attack of the Beni Sahr and other tribes, and then the great caravan was assaulted on the road between Tabuk and Ma'an. In the attack, many pilgrims were killed along with the soldiers guarding the caravan. In some sources the number of pilgrims who died, perishing of thirst and heat, is given as twenty thousand, and it is written that the sister of Osman III, who was in the caravan, also lost her life; Güler and Özaslan, however, think that the news that the sultan's sister was in the caravan may have been spread to incite the Bedouins to attack.
The sources also differ over who was responsible for the disaster. Güler and Özaslan, relying on correspondence that reached the Ottoman center, give the largest share to the dismissed former governor Azmzade Esad Pasha: it had been alleged that he incited the Bedouins in order to wear down the governor who came after him. Some sources write that the Bedouins had suffered loss of income through drought and the pressure of the Aneze tribes coming from Najd, and that Hüseyin Pasha's paying the traditional protection money to the Aneze instead of the Beni Sahr also led to the attack. The Pasha did not return to Damascus after the disaster and was dismissed at the end of the year. Hüsameddin's record that he was exiled to Amasya after being imprisoned and settled in the İçeri Şehir fills a gap in other sources. English-language publications write that the Pasha was exiled after dismissal to his hometown Gaza; Hüsameddin, however, gives the place of exile clearly as Amasya and adds that in 1175 [1761] he was sent to the sanjak of Gaza and the guardianship of Jerusalem. According to some sources the Pasha, after briefly serving as governor of Maraş in 1762, became sanjak bey of Gaza and was killed in 1765 in a clash with the Beni Sahr and Wuheidat tribes. None of this information contradicts the Amasya exile; it seems that Amasya is where the three silent years between his dismissal and Gaza were spent.
Iydîzâde Âkif Mustafa Efendi
Iydîzâde Mustafa Âkif Efendi, who led the Amasya scholars to apply to the Imperial Council, was also a poet with a divan. His father is Bayram Efendi, who wrote poetry under the pen name "Iydî" and served as müderris at the Bayezid II Madrasa; since Âkif was his younger son he was called Iydîzâde. His brother Âtıf Ahmed Efendi was likewise a poet and müderris; the family produced scholars and müderrises for Amasya across generations. Âkif Efendi served as mufti of Amasya, and toward the end of his life withdrew from the muftiship and taught at the Bayezid II Madrasa. Hüsameddin's mention of him as "former mufti and müderris of the Sultaniye" matches this information exactly. In biographical sources the date of death is given as 1173 [1759-60], and the line "Geldi yetmiş üçünde emr-i irci'î" is cited as the chronogram for his death; this agrees with the year Hüsameddin gives. Âkif Efendi has a divan and a work called Bedî'a, in thirty-two maqamas, written on the model of Harîrî's Makâmât. The biographers say that he was as masterly in prose as in Arabic and Turkish poetry. That Amasya lived through "a great day of mourning" at his death is the memory of an age in which a scholar was also the spokesman of the city.
The Kâşifiye Madrasa
The Kâşifiye Madrasa, whose founding is recounted in the entry, is dated in current research to the year 1762. According to Aysun and Engin Kanbur's study on the madrasas of Amasya, the madrasa stood in the Eski Kethüda quarter, adjoining the Çukur Church on its west, inside the street east of the Abdüllatif Efendi Library. The former bostancıbaşı Kalaycı Halil Ağazade Hacı Ömer Ağa, one of the notables of Amasya, on dying had bequeathed that a madrasa be built with one third of his property and had chosen Seküköylüzade Hacı Mehmed Kâşif Efendi as vasi. Kâşif Efendi had the madrasa built with the third of the property, bought and endowed a few shops with the rest, and therefore the building came to be called by his name. The madrasa, which was of timber, was rebuilt in 1828, when it was about to collapse, by Akhasanzade Hacı Hasan Ağa, and a second time in 1887 by Ayşe Hanım, wife of Şefik Pasha. Its first müderris was Seküköylüzade Hacı Hafız Osman Efendi. Hüsameddin places the death in Ramazan 1173 [1760]; the Kanburs, however, give Ömer Ağa's death as 1761. This difference of one year may have arisen from the conversion of Hijri dates to the Gregorian calendar or from confusing the interval between death and construction. The madrasa is counted among those that were repaired and returned to service in the nineteenth century and appears in the list of Amasya madrasas still giving instruction in the twentieth century.
Ebubekir Pasha and Çapanoğlu Ahmed Bey
The father of the mutasarrıf Ebubekir Pasha, Bekir Beyzade Hacı Osman Bey, is the founder of the Bekir Pasha Madrasa, which still stands in Amasya today. Osman Bey, a former mirliva of Egypt, had the madrasa built in 1751 as a darülhadis; after his death his son Ebubekir Pasha became steward, so the building was called the "Bekir Pasha Madrasa". Thus the mutasarrıf of this entry is a person whose name lives on in an Amasya madrasa.
Çapan Ahmed Bey in the entry's last sentence is the first great representative of the Çapanoğulları, who founded Yozgat and over the following half century would grow into the most powerful notable family of Central Anatolia. Ahmed Bey, while mütesellim of Bozok and voivode of Yeni İl, was appointed to Sivas with the rank of beylerbeyi of Rumelia. According to Ahmet Önal's study based on the appointment registers, the date of appointment is 27 Rebiülahir 1174 [6 December 1760]. Hüsameddin records the event in Cemaziyelevvel; the difference of a few weeks can be explained by the time it took for the news to reach Amasya. Ahmed Pasha's governorship of Sivas would not last long; he would be executed a few years later, an event recounted in entry 55.
No information was found in other sources on the other notables, kadıs and müderrises named in the entry.
Bibliography
Primary sources
- Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar, Amasya Tarihi, Amasya Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, 2022, Supplement to Volume 4, p. 656–657. amasya.bel.tr
Academic studies
- Mustafa Güler - Fatih Özaslan, "1757 Yılında Şam Hac Kafilesi ve Hicaz: Tedbirler ve Olaylar", İçtimaiyat, 7/2, 2023, p. 381-393, https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1295562
- Yunus Kırayit, "Osmanlı Devleti'nde Sürgün ve Kalebend Cezaları: Magosa Kalesi Örneği (18. Yüzyıl)", Şarkiyat İlmi Araştırmalar Dergisi, 15/1, 2023, https://doi.org/10.26791/sarkiat.1247136
- Hasan Telli, "Meşîhat Arşivine Göre Amasya Müderrisleri", Kocatepe İslami İlimler Dergisi, 7/2, p. 732-758, https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/kiid/issue/88516/1512049
- Ahmet Önal, "Sivas Eyaleti Valileri ve Beylerbeyileri (1753-1792)", Tarihin Peşinde, 21, 2019, http://www.tarihinpesinde.com/dergimiz/sayi21/M21_02.pdf
Official sources
- Aysun Kanbur - Engin Kanbur, "Medreselerde Eğitim, Yönetim ve Organizasyon Faaliyetleri: Amasya Medreseleri Açısından Bir Değerlendirme", I. Amasya Araştırmaları (13-15 Haziran 2007), 2. Kitap, Amasya Valiliği, 2007.
Books
Other sources