Merzifonludur. Devlet Hâtun Evkâfı Mütevellisi Yûsuf Paşazâde Şehbâz Bey’in oğludur. Sadr-ı a’zam Kara Mustafa Paşa’ya intisâbı olduğundan 1092 senesi rebîülâhirinde Amasya sancağı beyi oldu.
Şevvâl evâilinde İstanbul pâyelilerinden Merzifonî Hocazâde Hâfız Abdurrahman Efendi’ye Anadolu kazaskerliği pâyesi verildi. Amasya şehir kethüdâsı Hamza Ağa’nın yerine Habîb Ağazâde Mehmed Ağa şehir kethüdâsı ve Sultâniyye Müderrisi Îydî Bayram Efendi Amasya müftüsü oldu.
Zilka’de gurresinde Sun‘ullah Efendi Amasya kadısı ve Hasan Efendi Amasya nâibi olup Mîr-livâ Ahmed Bey’le Canik, Arabkir, Çorum beyleri Caniklizâde Osmân, Amasyalı Bekir Beyzâde Ömer, [174] Tokatlı Genç Mehmed beyler Viyana Harbi’ne me’mûren gidip sâbık Tokat voyvodası ve Amasya beytü’l-mâl emîni Topçuzâde Mehmed Ağa bin Hasan Ağa Amasya mütesellimi oldu.
Amasya Alaybeyi Boyacızâde Veliyyüddîn Bey Amasya muhâfızı olup kethüdâyeri Hatîbzâde Küçük Mehmed Ağa bin Abdurrahman Efendi harbe gitdi.
Silahdar ocağı kethüdâlığından Ahıska Ağası olan Amasyalı Veli Ağa Erzurum’a vusûlünde vefât edib teberdârân-ı hâssadan serkahve-i şehriyârî Amasyalı Ali Ağa evkâf-ı Sultâniyye mütevellîsi olup geldi. Yeniçeri Serdârı Çuçu Mustafa Ağa da maiyetiyle beraber gitmişdi.
Zilka’denin onuncu günü Mumcuoğlu Seyyid Ağa, meydanı kendi hevasına müsait gördü. Perde-i hafâdan çıkıp nakîb es-Seyyid Mustafa Efendi’yi bertaraf ederek nakibü’l-eşrâf kâ’im-makâmı oldu. Sâdâtın başına geçti.
Amasya sancağının askerden boşluğunu gören eşkıyâ da başkaldırdı. Her tarafı tazyîk etmeye başladı. Amasya zu‘amâsından Rüstem Beyzâde Mustafa Bey eşkıyâ tâkibine me’mûr, Apardı İbrâhim Ağa kır serdârı, Sevincerli Ömer Paşazâde Ebûbekir Bey de sipâhi ve yeniçeri ailelerini terfîhe me’mûr oldu.
1094 senesi muharreminde Amasya etrafını eşkıyâdan muhafazaya itina edilmesi fermânı geldi. Bu esnada Bayburdluzâde Kara İbrâhim Paşa sadâret kâ’im-makâmı oldu. [175]
Rebîülâhirde gümrük emîni Amasyalı Hüseyin Ağa vâlide Sultân kethüdâsı olup kadr u itibârı yükseldi. Amasya’da Ahi Sadüddîn Tekkesi Şeyhi kibâr-ı ulemâdan Mehmed Efendi vefât edib yerine mahdûmu eş-Şeyh Hasan Efendi geçti.
Cumâdelâhirde Apardı İbrâhim Ağa serdar vekili olup Rüstem Beyzâde Mustafa Bey’in eşkıyâ tâkibinde bir iş göremediğinden azliyle Kara Hasanzâde Mustafa Bey ta’kîb-i eşkıyâya me’mûr oldu.
Ramazân evâhirinde Serdâr-ı Ekrem Kara Mustafa Paşa Viyana önünde fena bir hezîmete uğradığından Belgrad’a döndü. Amasya Beyi Ahmed Bey şehid oldu. Kâ’im-makâm-ı sadâret Kara İbrâhim Paşa kendi velînimeti olan Kara Mustafa Paşa’yı bertaraf edib zilhiccenin yirminci günü sadrâzam oldu. Amasya sancağını Yûsuf Bey’e verdi.
In Modern English
He was from Merzifon. He was the son of Yûsuf Paşazâde Şehbâz Bey, trustee of the Devlet Hâtun waqfs. Because of his attachment to Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha, in Rabi' al-Thani 1092 [1681] he became sanjak governor of Amasya.
At the beginning of Shawwal, among those holding honorary rank in Istanbul, Merzifonlu Hocazâde Hâfız Abdurrahman Efendi was given the rank (pâye) of kazasker of Anatolia. In place of Hamza Ağa, city kethüda of Amasya, Habîb Ağazâde Mehmed Ağa became city kethüda, and Îydî Bayram Efendi, professor of the Sultâniyye Madrasa, became mufti of Amasya.
On the first day of Dhu al-Qa'da Sun'ullah Efendi became kadı of Amasya and Hasan Efendi naib of Amasya. Mirlivâ Ahmed Bey and the beys of the sanjaks of Canik, Arapgir, and Çorum, that is, Caniklizâde Osmân Bey, Bekir Beyzâde Ömer Bey of Amasya, and Genç Mehmed Bey of Tokat, went assigned to the Vienna Campaign. Topçuzâde Mehmed Ağa bin Hasan Ağa, former voivode of Tokat and beytülmal emini of Amasya, became mütesellim of Amasya.
The Alaybeyi of Amasya Boyacızâde Veliyyüddîn Bey became guardian (muhafız) of Amasya; the city steward Hatîbzâde Küçük Mehmed Ağa bin Abdurrahman Efendi went to war.
Veli Ağa of Amasya, who had passed from the kethüdalık of the silahdar corps to the ağalık of Ahıska, died when he reached Erzurum. Ali Ağa of Amasya, kahvecibaşı (chief coffee-maker) and one of the sultan's has teberdars, came as trustee of the Sultan Bayezid waqfs. The janissary commander Çuçu Mustafa Ağa had also gone (on the campaign) with his retinue.
On the tenth day of Dhu al-Qa'da Mumcuoğlu Seyyid Ağa found the square to his liking. Coming out from behind the curtain where he had hidden, he removed the nakîb Seyyid Mustafa Efendi, became deputy of the nakîbüleşraf, and took charge of the sayyids.
The bandits, seeing that the sanjak of Amasya had been emptied of soldiers, also rose up and began to press in on every side. Rüstem Beyzâde Mustafa Bey, one of the zeamet holders of Amasya, was charged with pursuing the bandits, Apardı İbrâhim Ağa with the rural commandership (kır serdarlığı), and Sevincerli Ömer Paşazâde Ebûbekir Bey with looking after the livelihood and comfort of the sipahi and janissary families.
In Muharram 1094 [1682-83] a decree came concerning taking care to protect the area around Amasya from bandits. At this time Bayburtluzâde Kara İbrâhim Pasha became deputy grand vizier.
In Rabi' al-Thani the customs superintendent Hüseyin Ağa of Amasya became kethüda of the valide sultan, and his standing and position rose. In Amasya, Mehmed Efendi, sheikh of the Ahi Sadüddîn Tekke and one of the great scholars, died; his son Şeyh Hasan Efendi succeeded him.
In Jumada al-Thani Apardı İbrâhim Ağa became deputy commander (serdar vekili). Since Rüstem Beyzâde Mustafa Bey accomplished nothing in the pursuit of bandits, he was dismissed, and Kara Hasanzâde Mustafa Bey was assigned to the pursuit of bandits.
At the end of Ramadan, since the Serdâr-ı ekrem Kara Mustafa Pasha suffered a heavy defeat before Vienna, he returned to Belgrade. The Bey of Amasya, Ahmed Bey, fell as a martyr. The deputy grand vizier Kara İbrâhim Pasha did away with his own benefactor Kara Mustafa Pasha and became grand vizier on the twentieth day of Dhu al-Hijja, and gave the sanjak of Amasya to Yûsuf Bey.
Notes and Research
Old Words in the Text
- intisâb: attaching oneself to a great person, becoming his man
- pâye: a rank given without actually performing the duty; pâyeli: one holding such a rank
- kazasker: the highest judicial official of Rumeli and Anatolia
- müderris: madrasa professor
- beytülmal emini: the official who administered ownerless property and estates on behalf of the state
- kethüdâyeri: the kethüda of the sipahis in a sanjak, the official who looked after the sipahis' affairs
- teberdârân-ı hâssa: the sultan's has teberdars, a group of palace guards
- serkahve-i şehriyârî: the sultan's kahvecibaşı
- evkâf-ı Sultâniyye: the waqfs of Sultan Bayezid in Amasya
- hevâ: wish, pleasure
- perde-i hafâ: the curtain of secrecy
- zu'amâ: zeamet-holding sipahis
- kır serdarı: the commander charged with public order in the countryside
- terfîh: bringing to prosperity, looking after livelihood
- kadr u itibâr: worth and standing
- mahdûm: son
- hezîmet: defeat
- velînimet: the great person who did one good and raised one
A Bey of Merzifon and the Devlet Hâtun Waqf
Ahmed Bey is the third of the beys of Merzifon sent to Amasya one after another. Hüsameddin explicitly ties his coming to Amasya to his attachment to Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa Pasha. No information was found in other sources about Ahmed Bey himself, beyond the fact that he fell as a martyr in the Vienna Campaign. Since his predecessor Mustafa Bey took office in Shawwal 1092 and the events that follow are told in Muharram of the new year, the "Rabi' al-Thani 1092" given as Ahmed Bey's date of appointment should within the text's own sequence be understood as Rabi' al-Thani 1093 [1682]. His departure on campaign then falls in Dhu al-Qa'da 1093, that is, the end of autumn 1682.
The "Devlet Hâtun Waqfs," of which his father Şehbâz Bey was trustee, may point to an old part of Merzifon's history. According to what Hasan Basri Öcalan reports in his article on Devlet Hatun, who came as a bride from the Germiyan palace, İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı established that Çelebi Mehmed had a zaviye consisting of a sofa and two rooms built in Merzifon beside his own madrasa, in accordance with the will of his mother, who died in 816 [1413], that a waqf deed dated 825 [1422] was drawn up for this zaviye, and that in the deed the name of the sultan's mother is written as "Devlet Hatun binti Abdillah." It is highly probable that the Devlet Hâtun waqf, whose trusteeship was held by a family of Merzifon, was the waqf of this zaviye; but Hüsameddin does not state to which building the waqf belonged.
The Vienna Campaign and the Emptying of Amasya
The entry is valuable for showing how the 1683 Vienna Campaign was reflected in a provincial sanjak. When the sanjak governor, the beys of the neighboring sanjaks, the janissary commander, the city steward, and the zeamet holders went on the campaign, Amasya was emptied of soldiers, and the bandits at once noticed this gap. The administration of the sanjak was left to the mütesellim and the protection of the city to the alaybeyi, and separate officials were appointed for security in the countryside. According to Hüsameddin's record, Mumcuoğlu's seizure of the deputy nakîbüleşrafship also happened at exactly this time, when the city's strongmen were away.
The information in the TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi about the campaign itself is as follows: Kara Mustafa Pasha arrived before Vienna on 19 Rajab 1094 [14 July 1683]; when the siege exceeded two months, weariness and shortage of food began in the army, and the forces of the King of Poland, Jan Sobieski, held Mount Kahlenberg and got behind the Ottoman army. In the battle that began on 12 September 1683 first the right wing and then the left wing broke, and Kara Mustafa Pasha, after holding out five or six hours, was forced to take the sacred standard and withdraw to Yanıkkale. Hüsameddin's expression "the end of Ramadan" corresponds to the Hijri-calendar time of this defeat and retreat. About the fate of the people of Amasya on the campaign this entry records only Ahmed Bey's martyrdom; the city steward Hatîbzâde Küçük Mehmed Ağa, however, will four years later, in the army revolt of 1687, play an important role.
The Rise of Kara İbrâhim Pasha
The last sentence of the entry announces the political change that forms the subject of the next four entries. According to the TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, Kara İbrâhim Pasha was raised at the side of Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Pasha, became his kethüda, and was called "Kara Kethüdâ." When he became one of Mehmed IV's closest men, Kara Mustafa Pasha tried to remove him from the sultan's side, but on the eve of the Vienna Campaign had to accept his appointment as deputy grand vizier. Hüsameddin's placing this appointment in Muharram 1094 agrees with this information. After the defeat Kara İbrâhim Pasha joined the grand vizier's rivals in the palace and played a part in his execution.
The date of Kara İbrâhim Pasha's coming to the grand vizierate is given differently in the sources. Hüsameddin here gives 20 Dhu al-Hijja [1094], which falls in the first half of December 1683. The entry on Siyavuş Pasha in the TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi records Kara Mustafa Pasha's dismissal as 24 Dhu al-Hijja 1094 [14 December 1683]. In the biography of Kara İbrâhim Pasha in Hüsameddin's biographical volumes, his coming to the grand vizierate is given as "at the gurre of Muharram 1095," that is, a few days later. Since the differences are a few days, they most likely rest on different stages of the dismissal, the handing over of the seal, and the news of the execution.
The Ahi Sadüddîn Tekke
The Ahi Sadüddîn Tekke, whose sheikh's death is recorded in the entry, appears in Kadir Özköse's study of the Khalwati tekkes in Amasya under the name "Sâdeddin Tekke." According to it the tekke stood in İçerişehir, in today's Hatuniye Quarter, in the old Ahi Sadeddin quarter near the Meydan Gate, and was built by Sadi Efendi in 871 [1467], with its waqfs arranged. Its last sheikh before it was demolished in 1260 [1844] was Şeyh Hacı Müştak Efendi, of the Khalwatis. The researcher writes that the sources do not state which order held the tekke earlier. Hüsameddin's calling Sheikh Mehmed Efendi, who died in 1094, "one of the great scholars" shows that the tekke was in that period too run by scholarly sheikhs. The building does not stand today.
A Small Difference on the Kır Serdarlığı
In this entry Hüsameddin says that Apardı İbrâhim Ağa was appointed to the kır serdarlığı. In the same author's biographical volumes, for Çelebioğlu İsmâil Ağa of the Eighty-Seventh Company of the janissaries it is said "in 1094 he became kır serdarı, assigned against the bandits." Since the two records belong to the same years, it may be thought that more than one person was charged with this title in the pursuit of bandits, or that there is a confusion in one of the records.
Bibliography
Primary sources
Academic studies
- Abdülkadir Özcan, "Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, vol. 29, 2004. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/merzifonlu-kara-mustafa-pasa
- Abdülkadir Özcan, "İbrâhim Paşa, Kara", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 2000. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ibrahim-pasa-kara
- Fikret Sarıcaoğlu, "Siyavuş Paşa, Köprülü Damadı", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 2009. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/siyavus-pasa-koprulu-damadi
- Hasan Basri Öcalan, "Germiyan Sarayından Bursa Sarayına Bir Gelin Gider: Devlet Hatun", U.Ü. Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19/30, 2016. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/274259
- Kadir Özköse, "Amasya'da Bulunan Halvetiyye Tekkeleri", Akademiar Dergisi, 5, 2018, p. 91-118. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/606666