AMASYA 05

Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar · BİRİNCİ BÂB · ONUNCU FASIL · ÜÇÜNCÜ DEVRE-İ TÂRİHİYYE

Ahmed Pasha (Hoca, Pehleli)

Encyclopedia · History of Amasya, Volume 4, p. 580–581 • Edited by: Doç. Dr. Hicabi GÜLGEN

Original Text (Ottoman Turkish)

Amasyalıdır. İğnecizâde Hoca Ahmed Paşa’dır. Buna “Pehleli” de denirdi. 1068 senesi şa’bânının on sekizinci günü Amasya mutasarrıfı olup harbe me’mûr olduğundan abd-ı mu‘takı Rus Rıdvan Ağa’yı Amasya mütesellimi nasb etdi.

Şa’bânnın yirmi dördüncü günü Köprülü Mehmed Paşa serdâr-ı erkem olup ramazanın gurresinde Çanakkale Boğazı tarafına hareket etdi. Amasyalı Şemsi Paşazâde Ahmed Paşa, yüz elli pâre kadırga ve fırkateye başbuğ olarak kaptan-ı deryâ vekili oldu.

Sadr-ı a’zamın boğaza vusûlünde muhârebe başladı. Alâiye Beyi Köprülü Küçük Mehmed Bey şîrâne cenk ederek düşman eline geçen mavnaları kurtarıp serdâr-ı ekremin fevkalâde mazhar-ı taltîf ve ikramı olarak Manisa beylerbeyi oldu.

Lâkin Sivas Beylerbeyi Çerkes Osmân Paşa, âr-ı firârı irtikâb eylediğinden zilka’dede i’dâm edilip yeniçeri ağalığından [123] ma‘zûlen Sührâb Mehmed Ağa Sivas beylerbeyi oldu.

Köprülü Mehmed Paşa, harpten firar eden bütün yeniçerileri ve sipâhileri i’dâm ederek her tarafa dehşet vermiş, fakat boğazı muhasaradan ve adaları düşman elinden kurtaramamışdı.

Bundan dolayı yeniçeri ocağının umdesi olan Kara Hasanoğlu Hüseyin Ağa maktûl olan yeniçeri ricâlinin gayretini görüp Köprülü Paşa’yı azle ve kâ’im-makâm sadr-ı âlî Ankebût Ahmed Paşa’yı sadrâzam nasb etdirmeye çalışdı. Bu azîmet kuvve-i garîbeye gelmişken ansızın Hüseyin Ağa’nın vefâtıyla Köprülü Paşa yerinde kaldı.

Zilhiccede kâ’im-makâm sadr-ı âlî Ankebût Ahmed Paşa, Kara Hasanoğlu’nun şerrine uğrayıp Konya vâlisi olarak İstanbul’dan uzaklaşdırıldı. Yerine Anadolu Vâlisi Nasûh Ağazâde Hasan Paşa vezâretle kâ’im-makâm sadr-ı âlî olup İstanbul’a geldi.

1068 senesi gurre-i muharreminde Kadı Ali Efendi’nin yerine Ganîzâde Abdülfettâh Efendi ikinci defa Amasya kadısı ve Amasyalı Hasan Efendizâde Mahmûd Şifâyî Efendi Anadolu kazaskeri oldu. Sadr-ı a’zam Köprülü Mehmed Paşa, Boğaz civârında olan adaları feth u teshîr ve düşmanı firâra mecbûr ederek saferin on sekizinci günü muzafferen Edirne’ye geldi.

Saferin evâhirinde Serdâr-ı Esbak Ya’kûb Ağa Köprülü Paşa’nın mazhar-ı lutfu olup afv u ıtlâk edilerek kale zindanından çıktı. Rebîülevvelin yirmisinde Köprülü Paşa’nın asdıkâsından Amasyalı Mumcuzâde es-Seyyid [124] Ahmed Ağa İstanbul’dan gelip fermân ile şehir kethüdâsı ve Ya’kûb Ağa da yeniçeri serdârı oldu.

Köprülü Mehmed Paşa, Şam Eyâletini Lâdikli Tayyar Paşazâde Ahmed Paşa’ya, Halep Eyâletini Abaza Hasan Paşa’ya, Rakka Eyâletini Tayyar Paşazâde Mustafa Paşa’ya, Ankara Eyâletini Can Mirzâ Paşa’ya tevcîh ederek Macaristan Seferi’ne davet etmişdi.

Abaza Hasan Paşa, öteden beri Köprülü Paşa’nın rakîbi idi. Kendisini sefere davet etmesinden maksadı orduya dâhil olduğu gün öldürmek zannederdi. Bu yüzden davete icabet imkânını göremiyor, isyan için kendisine muîn arıyordu.

Hususuyla Köprülü Mehmed Paşa’nın Boğaz Muhârebesi’nde gösterdiği metânet ve şiddeti Abaza Hasan gibi mazileri malum ricâli ve pek çok sipâhi müteneffizlerini fena halde korkutmuşdu. Bunlar da icâbet etmemişlerdi.

Cumâdelûlânın sekizinci günü Evkâf-ı Sultâniyye Mütevellisi Halil Paşa sâniyen Ankara beylerbeyi olup Köprülü Yûsuf Ağazâde Mustafa Ağa Sultân Bâyezîd evkâfı mütevellisi olarak Köprü’den geldi. Kethüdâ-yı sadr-ı âlî Kayın Mehmed Ağa’nın birâderi idi.

Recebde Amasya Mütesellimi Rıdvan Ağa, şikâyet edilen ba’zı ahvâlinden dolayı azledilip Kadızâde Musli Ağa Amasya mütesellimi oldu. Çünkü Rıdvan Ağa, Köprülü Paşa aleyhdârı idi.

Recebin on altısında kapıcılar kethüdâsı Köprülü Ramazân Çavuşzâde Kadri Ağa Silistre beylerbeyi olup ramazânın on dördünde [125] Amasya Müftüsü Fâzıl Hızır Efendi azl ve Sivas’a ihdâr olunup yerine meşâhir-i fuzalâdan Yeğen Osmân Efendizâde el-Hâc Mehmed Efendi Amasya müftüsü oldu.

Ramazânın yirmi altıncı günü Sadr-ı a’zam Köprülü Mehmed Paşa, Erdel Harbine serdâr olup, Edirne’den hareket etdi. Lâkin Abaza Hasan Paşa, Konya’da ictimâ eden ümerâ ve sipâhileri kendisine uydurdu. Köprülü Mehmed Paşa azledilmedikçe sefere gidemeyeceklerini bildirdi.

Şevvâlde Sivas’a giden Hızır Efendi’nin hakkındaki şikâyetler tetkîk edilerek berâet zimmeti zâhir olduğundan mutayyiben Amasya’ya avdet etdi. Şehir kethüdâsı Mumcuoğlu Seyyid Ahmed Ağa merci-i küll oldu.

Köprülü Mehmed Paşa’nın hasm-ı bî-emânı olan Hamamcıoğlu Mahmûd Ağa Abaza Hasan Paşa’nın damâdı ve Halep mütesellimi idi. Köprü, Amasya ve sâir yerlerde Köprülü Paşa’nın muârızları koşup Abaza Hasan Paşa’nın ordugâhına gitmişlerdi.

Abaza Hasan Paşa, gemi azıya alıp isyan ederek Köprülü Mehmed Paşa’nın azlini ve Tayyarzâde Ahmed Paşa’nın sadrâzam nasb edilmesini anîfâne talep etdi. Tarafından livâlara, eyâletlere beyler nasb etdiği esnada Amasya sancağını ordusunda ser-çeşme olan Ali Bey’e tevcîh etdi.

Our Research Article Editor: Mevlüt Erdem Öztürk

In Modern English

He was a native of Amasya. He is İğnecizâde Hoca Ahmed Pasha. He was also called "Pehleli". On the eighteenth day of the month of Şaban 1068 he became mutasarrıf of Amasya; since he was assigned to the war he appointed his freedman Rus Rıdvan Ağa as mütesellim of Amasya.

On the twenty-fourth day of Şaban Köprülü Mehmed Pasha became serdâr-ı ekrem (commander-in-chief) and on the first day of Ramazan set out towards the Dardanelles. Şemsi Paşazâde Ahmed Pasha of Amasya became kapudan pasha's deputy as commander of a hundred and fifty galleys and frigates.

With the grand vizier's arrival at the Straits the battle began. Küçük Mehmed Bey, Köprülü, Bey of Alâiye (Alanya), fighting like a lion, rescued the barges that had fallen into enemy hands; having received extraordinary compliments and favours from the serdâr-ı ekrem, he became beylerbeyi of Manisa.

But Çerkes Osmân Pasha, Beylerbeyi of Sivas, having committed the shame of fleeing from battle, was executed in the month of Zilkade, and Sührâb Mehmed Ağa, who had been dismissed from the agha-ship of the janissaries, became beylerbeyi of Sivas.

Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, by executing all the janissaries and sipahis who fled from the battle, spread terror on every side; but he had not lifted the siege of the Straits or freed the islands from enemy hands.

For this reason Kara Hasanoğlu Hüseyin Ağa, one of the leaders of the Janissary Corps, seeing the anger of the executed janissary officers, tried to have Köprülü Pasha dismissed and to have the sadâret kaymakamı Ankebût Ahmed Pasha made grand vizier. When this attempt had reached great strength, Hüseyin Ağa died suddenly and Köprülü Pasha remained in his place.

In the month of Zilhicce the sadâret kaymakamı Ankebût Ahmed Pasha, falling victim to Kara Hasanoğlu's malice, was made governor of Konya and removed from Istanbul. In his place Nasûh Ağazâde Hasan Pasha, Governor of Anatolia, became sadâret kaymakamı with the rank of vizier and came to Istanbul.

On the first day of Muharrem 1068 [1657], in place of Kadı Ali Efendi, Ganîzâde Abdülfettâh Efendi became kadı of Amasya for the second time, and Hasan Efendizâde Mahmûd Şifâyî Efendi of Amasya became kazasker of Anatolia. Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, having conquered and taken the islands around the Straits and forced the enemy to flee, came to Edirne victorious on the eighteenth day of Safer.

At the end of Safer the former serdar Ya'kûb Ağa, having received Köprülü Pasha's favour, was pardoned and released, and came out of the castle dungeon. On the twentieth of Rebîülevvel, Mumcuzâde es-Seyyid Ahmed Ağa of Amasya, one of Köprülü Pasha's friends, came from Istanbul and by firman became city kethüda, and Ya'kûb Ağa janissary serdar.

Köprülü Mehmed Pasha had given the province of Damascus to Ahmed Pasha, Tayyar Paşazâde of Lâdik, the province of Aleppo to Abaza Hasan Pasha, the province of Raqqa to Tayyar Paşazâde Mustafa Pasha, and the province of Ankara to Can Mirzâ Pasha, and had summoned them to the Hungarian campaign.

Abaza Hasan Pasha had long been Köprülü Pasha's rival. He thought that the purpose of his summoning him to the campaign was to kill him on the day he joined the army. For this reason he did not consider it possible to obey the summons and sought helpers for a rebellion.

In particular, the determination and severity that Köprülü Mehmed Pasha had shown in the Straits Battle had badly frightened statesmen with a known past such as Abaza Hasan, and a great many influential sipahis. These too had not obeyed the summons.

On the eighth day of the month of Cemâziyelevvel, Halil Pasha, mütevelli of the imperial waqfs, became beylerbeyi of Ankara for the second time; Mustafa Ağa, son of Yûsuf Ağa of Köprü, came from Köprü as mütevelli of the Sultan Bayezid waqfs. He was the brother of the sadâret kethüdâsı Kayın Mehmed Ağa.

In the month of Receb, Mütesellim Rıdvan Ağa of Amasya was dismissed because of some conduct complained of, and Kadızâde Muslî Ağa became mütesellim of Amasya. For Rıdvan Ağa was an opponent of Köprülü Pasha.

On the sixteenth of Receb, Köprülü Ramazân Çavuşzâde Kadri Ağa, kapıcılar kethüdâsı, became beylerbeyi of Silistra. On the fourteenth of Ramazan, Mufti Fâzıl Hızır Efendi of Amasya was dismissed and summoned to Sivas, and in his place Yeğen Osmân Efendizâde el-Hâc Mehmed Efendi, one of the well-known scholars, became mufti of Amasya.

On the twenty-sixth day of Ramazan Grand Vizier Köprülü Mehmed Pasha set out from Edirne as serdar for the Transylvanian war. But Abaza Hasan Pasha brought into line the beys and sipahis gathered in Konya. He declared that they could not go on the campaign unless Köprülü Mehmed Pasha was dismissed.

In the month of Şevval the complaints against Hızır Efendi, who had gone to Sivas, were examined, and since his innocence came to light he was placated and returned to Amasya. The city kethüda Mumcuoğlu Seyyid Ahmed Ağa became the person consulted on every matter.

Hamamcıoğlu Mahmûd Ağa, the implacable enemy of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha, was Abaza Hasan Pasha's son-in-law and mütesellim of Aleppo. Köprülü Pasha's opponents in Köprü, Amasya and other places had run to Abaza Hasan Pasha's camp.

Abaza Hasan Pasha, taking the bit between his teeth and rebelling, demanded by force the dismissal of Köprülü Mehmed Pasha and the making of Tayyarzâde Ahmed Pasha grand vizier. While appointing beys to the sanjaks and provinces on his own side, he gave the sanjak of Amasya to Ali Bey, ser-çeşme (unit commander) in his army.

Notes and Research

Old Words in the Text

  • abd-ı mu'tak: freed slave
  • serdâr-ı ekrem: the grand vizier who is commander-in-chief of the army
  • pâre: piece, number (for ships)
  • başbuğ: commander
  • şîrâne: like a lion
  • mazhar-ı taltîf: one who has received compliment or reward
  • âr-ı firâr: the shame of fleeing from battle
  • umde: the mainstay of a group, a leading figure
  • kuvve-i garîbe: an astonishingly great force
  • feth u teshîr: taking and capturing
  • afv u ıtlâk: pardoning and releasing
  • asdıkâ: friends
  • ihdâr: having someone brought to one's presence, summoning
  • berâet-i zimmet: innocence, acquittal
  • mutayyiben: with his heart pleased, placated
  • merci-i küll: the person to whom one turns in every matter
  • hasm-ı bî-emân: implacable enemy
  • anîfâne: harshly and by force
  • ser-çeşme: head of the sekban and levend companies

Hoca Ahmed Pasha: Pehleli or Kehleli

İğnecizâde Hoca Ahmed Pasha, who gives the entry its name, is one of the longest-lived statesmen of Amasya on these pages. In volume 6 of the book Hüsâmeddin gives a detailed biography of him. According to the information there, he is descended from Pîr Safiyyüddîn, one of the great men of the Halvetiyye in Amasya, and is the brother of Ömer Efendi, tutor and adviser of Osman II. From the professorship of the Atabeg Gazi Madrasa he made a career extending to the defterdarship of Sivas and from there to the beylerbeyiships of Karaman, Batum, Trabzon, Sivas, Maraş, Erzurum, Cyprus and Anatolia, and he also held the governorship of Amasya several times. In 1058 he went to the Cretan war with his son Mustafa Bey, Alaybeyi of Amasya; his son fell as a martyr and he returned wounded.

A noteworthy detail in this biography is the pasha's nickname. The nickname that appears as "Pehleli" in this entry in volume 4 is written "Kehleli" in the volume 6 biography. In Mehmet Ali Ünal's article on Seydi Ahmed Pasha, written from Evliya Çelebi, too, the person who carried the hatt-ı hümâyun to Seydi Ahmed Pasha in 1066 is called "Kehleli Ahmed Pasha, dismissed from Cyprus". That two independent sources converge on the spelling "Kehleli" suggests that the reading "Pehleli" here may be a typesetting or reading error.

Another important piece of information in the biography explains the end of this entry: according to Hüsâmeddin, Abaza Hasan Pasha, promising Hoca Ahmed Pasha the vizierate, proposed that he join the rebellion against Köprülü; the pasha refused, but when the offer reached Köprülü's ear he was dismissed at the end of Zilkade 1068. In later entries his goods will be confiscated and the pasha will die of grief at this ruin.

The Naval Battle of the Dardanelles, 1657

The battle of the Straits that the entry describes is related in detail in Samet Tınas's study on the basis of archival documents and the chronicles of the period. As the fleet approached the Straits on 6 June 1657, Mehmed IV had appointed Köprülü Mehmed Pasha serdâr-ı ekrem and left the deputy grand vizierate to Ankebût Ahmed Pasha. Part of the fleet consisted of the force embarked on a hundred and fifty galleys and frigates under the command of "Şemsi Paşazâde, deputy captain of the flagship"; this agrees exactly with the information Hüsâmeddin gives for Şemsi Paşazâde Ahmed Pasha of Amasya.

At the beginning of the battle, as the Venetians were about to tow away an Ottoman barge, Küçük Mehmed Bey, Sanjak Bey of Alâiye, who had been the former kethüda of Katırcıoğlu Mehmed Pasha, boarded a few boats with fifty or sixty men, rescued the barge and took captive more than a hundred and fifty Venetian soldiers in it. After the victory Köprülü received him in his presence, kissed his eyes, put the sable fur from his own back on him and placed a ghazi wreath on his head. The course of the battle was changed by a shot from a gunner named Kara Mehmed that hit the powder magazine of the Venetian flagship, and the ship of the Venetian admiral Lazzaro Mocenigo was blown up.

Hüsâmeddin's words "Köprülü spread terror on every side by executing all the janissaries and sipahis who fled" are confirmed in the same study too: according to the sources some eight hundred of the soldiers who fled were killed, and among the naval commanders Ferhat Pasha, the Janissary kethüda Yusuf Ağa and seven çorbacıs were executed. Çerkes Osman Pasha, Beylerbeyi of Sivas, who was acting as deputy to the kaptanıderya, was also tried for earlier faults and executed. Sührab Mehmed Pasha, Janissary Agha, was likewise proved to have been half-hearted in the battle, but because he was an old friend of Köprülü and had served him at his coming to the grand vizierate, his life was spared, and he was taken out of the agha-ship and brought to the beylerbeyiship of Sivas in Osman Pasha's place. In some sources it is written that Sührab Mehmed Pasha became beylerbeyi of Sivas on 19 July 1657.

A difference of dates must be pointed out here. Hüsâmeddin gives the execution of Çerkes Osman Pasha "in the month of Zilkade". Yet according to the sources Tınas reports the execution took place immediately after the battle of July 1657 and Sührab Pasha was appointed to Sivas at that time; this falls in Şevval 1067. As was also noted in the previous entry, the date "Şaban 1068" at the beginning of the entry is problematic too: Köprülü's becoming serdar and his setting out for the Straits, narrated immediately afterwards, are events of the summer of 1657, that is, of the year 1067. Hüsâmeddin's biography in volume 6 again places Hoca Ahmed Pasha's appointment in Şaban 1068 and gives as the reason that it was feared the pasha would follow Abaza; this reason better suits the atmosphere of the spring of 1658. It is not possible to establish with this information in which year the appointment was really made; it is also possible that Hüsâmeddin combined the events of two different years under the same year heading. Bozcaada was recaptured from the Venetians on 31 August 1657 (21 Zilkade 1067), and Lemnos was liberated afterwards. The heading "1068 Muharrem", under which Hüsâmeddin says Köprülü returned to Edirne on "the eighteenth day of Safer", belongs to the correct year and falls around November 1657.

Kara Hasanoğlu Hüseyin Ağa

Kara Hasanoğlu Hüseyin Ağa, who tried to bring Köprülü down and died suddenly, is also a man of Amasya. According to Hüsâmeddin's biography in volume 9, as a janissary of the sixth cemaat he served for years as yasakçı (enforcement officer), was several times serdar of Amasya and for a time field serdar, winning fame for bringing brigands to heel, retired in 1067 with the rank of turnacıbaşı and died in 1068. It is highly probable that he is also the "Kara Hüseyin Ağa, influential in the Janissary Corps", whose support was obtained in the rebellion organised against İbşir Pasha in 1655 in Abdülkadir Özcan's Kara Murad Pasha entry.

The Beginning of Abaza Hasan Pasha's Rebellion

The second half of the entry describes the beginning of the last great Celâlî rebellion in Anatolia. According to Mücteba İlgürel's entry, Köprülü had first brought Abaza Hasan to the governorship of Aleppo and then summoned him to the Transylvanian campaign; those fleeing Köprülü's harsh measures were gathering beside Abaza. Abaza did not obey the summons and demanded of the sultan Köprülü's dismissal. In the Köprülü entry by the same author it is noted that the Transylvanian campaign set out in Ramazan 1068 (June 1658); this agrees with the information Hüsâmeddin gives, "departure from Edirne on the twenty-sixth day of Ramazan".

The role in the rebellion of Hamamcıoğlu, Abaza Hasan Pasha's son-in-law, is also confirmed in other sources. In some sources it is written that Abaza had a daughter married to a man known as Hamamcıoğlu, that this son-in-law acted during the rebellion as his father-in-law's representative in Aleppo, and that at the end of 1658 he was driven out of Aleppo and killed by loyal forces. The same sources note that the rebels gathered an army of thirty thousand at Konya and that among them were the governors of Damascus, Anatolia, Raqqa and Aleppo. Hüsâmeddin's saying that Köprülü gave Damascus to Tayyar Paşazâde Ahmed Pasha and Raqqa to his brother Mustafa Pasha also explains why the rebels consisted of the governors of these provinces.

In searches made on the kazaskership of Anatolia of Hasan Efendizâde Mahmûd Şifâyî Efendi of Amasya and the beylerbeyiship of Silistra of Köprülü Ramazan Çavuşzâde Kadri Ağa, no information was found in other sources.

Bibliography

Primary sources

Academic studies

Other sources

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