Kedağralı zu'amâdan Hasan Bey'in oğludur. "Deli Pervâne" demekle meşhûrdur. Eşkıyâ harbinde şöhret almış ümerâdan olmakla 939 senesi rebî'ulâhirinde Amasya beyi olarak Rûmeli'nden geldi. Amasya müftüsü "Nakîzî" demekle meşhûr Bâyezîd Efendi azl edilip yerine Ümmü Veledzâde Abdulazîz Efendi geldi.
Vezîr-i a'zam İbrâhim Paşa, Anadolu kuvâ-yı umûmiyyesini alıp Irâk'a gitmişdi. Şî'a gürûhu bundan cür'et aldı. Zâten mîrlivâ Mehmed Bey'e hasm-ı bî-amân olan şî'a, hâricde lâzım gelen tertîbâtı aldıkdan sonra 940 zilhiccesinde sabâha karşı ansızın Amasya'yı basdılar.
Ben öyle sanıyorum ki Sultân Ahmed'in şehzâdesi Sultân Murâd, [299] son bir hareket olmak üzere Amasya'yı bizzât basdı. Amasya'nın bütün mevâki'-i müstahkemesini elde etdi. Mîrlivâ Mehmed Bey'in hânesini muhâsara edib onu teslîme mecbûr etdi. Mehmed Bey, kemâl-i şecâ'atle eşkıyâya karşı kendisini müdâfa'a ederek şehîd oldu.
Eşkıyâ yâhud Sultân Murâd'ın avenesi kendilerine mu'ârız olanları ifnâ, mallarını yağmâ ederek hayli hasârât yapdılar. Amasya kalesini elde etmeğe pek ziyâde çalışdılar.
Kale dizdârı Mehmed Ağa, sipâhî kethüdâ yeri Rûmiyyeli Hüseyin Ağa, meşâhîr-i zu'amâdan "Cebecioğlu" demekle meşhûr Hasan Bey bin Devlethân Bey şiddetle mukâbele etdiler. Kedağra voyvodası çavuşân-ı dergâh-ı âlîden Abdulganîoğlu Mehmed Ağa bütün kuvvetiyle Amasya'ya koşup geldi.
Bunlar dilîrâne çalışdılar. Eşkıyâdan haylisini kılıçdan geçirdiler. Bakiyyesini de firâra mecbûr ederek Amasya'yı kurtardılar. Gâlibâ Sultân Murâd, bu hengâme esnâsında maktûl olmalıdır ki eşkıyâdan bir daha eser zuhûr etmedi. Amasya muhâfazasına da Ankara beylerbeyi Velî Paşa ta'yîn edildi.
Benim anlayışıma göre "933 ihtilâli" müdâfa'a-i hukûk için tertîb edilmiş bir vak'a-i mühimmedir. Bunu doğuran sebeblerin başlıcası Osmanlı devletinin Türkler'e karşı aldığı vaz'iyyetdir, denilebilir.
Çünkü Makbûl İbrâhim Paşa denilen Fireng İbrâhim Paşa, mesned-i sadârete geldiği günden i'tibâren Türkler'e karşı bir vaz'iyyet almış, Türkler'in yüzüne vezâret kapısını kapamışdı.
Solakzâde Târîhi'nde diyor ki: "Türkmenlerin ellerinden tımârları [300] alınmış, dirlikleri çalınmış, diğerlerine verilmişdi. Bunlar emr-i ma'âşdan âciz kaldıklarından eşkıyâ rü'esâsına arz-ı inkıyâd etmişlerdir".
Bu telhîs edilen ifâde anlatıyor ki Türkler'den alınan tımârlar, çalınan dirlikler gayr-i Türkler'e verilmiş olduğundan ihtilâl çıkdı. Türkler kendi dirliklerini, varlıklarını müdâfa'aya kalkışdı. Yine Solakzâde anlatıyor ki, Türkler'in bu hakları verildiği gün ihtilâl basdırıldı.
İster şî'a başları olsun, ister Sultân Murâd olsun hukûkunu müdâfa'a edecek bir kuvvet ve istinâd-gâh arayan Türkleri kendilerine celb ederek kıyâm etmişler, demek olur. Türkler'in hukûku teslîm edildiği anda şî'a başları uçdu. Nüfûzları zâ'il oldu.
In Modern English
He is the son of Hasan Bey, one of the zeamet holders of Kedağra. He is known by the nickname "Deli Pervane." Because he was among the beys who had won fame in the brigand wars, he came from Rumeli in the month of Rabi' al-Akhir of the year 939 [1532-33] and became bey of Amasya. The mufti of Amasya, Bayezid Efendi, known as "Nakîzî," was dismissed, and Ümmü Veledzade Abdülaziz Efendi came in his place.
The grand vizier İbrahim Pasha had gathered all the military strength of Anatolia and gone to Iraq. The Shiite community took courage from this. The Shiites, who already bore implacable enmity toward the sanjak bey Mehmed Bey, after making the necessary preparations outside, suddenly raided Amasya toward dawn in the month of Dhu al-Hijja of the year 940 [1533-34].
I suppose that Sultan Murad, prince of Sultan Ahmed, raided Amasya in person as a last move. He seized all of Amasya's strong positions. He surrounded the house of the sanjak bey Mehmed Bey and forced him to surrender. Mehmed Bey, defending himself against the brigands with great bravery, was martyred.
The brigands, or Sultan Murad's men, killed those who opposed them and plundered their goods and did considerable damage. They struggled hard to take the Fortress of Amasya.
The fortress guardian Mehmed Ağa, the sipahi kethüda yeri Hüseyin Ağa of Rumiyye, and Hasan Bey, son of Devlethan Bey, known as "Cebecioğlu," one of the well-known zeamet holders, responded fiercely. The voyvoda of Kedağra, Abdülganioğlu Mehmed Ağa, one of the palace couriers, came running to Amasya with all his strength.
They fought bravely. They put many of the brigands to the sword. Forcing the rest to flee, they saved Amasya. Probably Sultan Murad must have been killed in this confusion, for no trace of the brigands was seen again. To the protection of Amasya Velî Pasha, beylerbeyi of Ankara, was appointed.
In my understanding, the "933 [1526-27] rising" was an important event organized to defend rights. It may be said that the chief of the causes that gave rise to it was the attitude the Ottoman state took toward the Turks.
For Frenk İbrahim Pasha, called "Makbul" İbrahim Pasha, from the day he came to the office of grand vizier had taken a stance against the Turks and had closed the door of the vizierate to the Turks' faces.
In the Solakzade History it is said: "The Turkmens' timars had been taken from their hands, their means of livelihood stolen and given to others. Being unable to provide their livelihood, they submitted to the heads of the brigands."
This summarized saying shows that the timars taken from the Turks and the stolen means of livelihood having been given to non-Turks, the rising broke out. The Turks set out to defend their own dirliks and their possessions. Solakzade again relates that on the day these rights of the Turks were granted, the rising was suppressed.
Whether they were Shiite leaders or Sultan Murad, it follows that they rose by drawing to themselves the Turks who were seeking a force and a support to defend their rights. The moment the Turks' rights were handed over, the Shiite leaders vanished. Their influence came to an end.
Notes and Research
Old Words in the Text
- zu'amâ: zeamet holders, that is, sipahi beys holding large dirliks
- mîrlivâ: sanjak bey
- şî'a gürûhu: the Shiite community; in the official language of the period, the pro-Safavid Kızılbaş
- kuvâ-yı umûmiyye: the general military force
- dizdâr: fortress guardian
- voyvoda: district administrator
- çavuşân-ı dergâh-ı âlî: the couriers of the sultan's palace
- tımâr, dirlik: the land revenue given to a sipahi in return for his livelihood
- müdâfa'a: defense
- zâ'il oldu: disappeared
The Time of the Event
Hüsameddin ties the Shiites' raid on Amasya to the month of Dhu al-Hijja of the year 940, that is, to a period close to the summer of 1534. The same years coincide with Süleyman's first Iranian campaign (the Irakeyn campaign), and Grand Vizier İbrahim Pasha's going to Iraq is part of this campaign. A master's thesis written on Prince Mustafa writes that at the beginning of the campaign 1,300 infantry and 300 cavalry Kızılbaş rose in revolt in Anatolia, and that Mehmed Pasha, sanjak bey of Amasya, had the heads of these rebels cut off and sent them to Prince Mustafa at Manisa. Hüsameddin, however, says that Mehmed Bey was martyred during the raid. Whether these two accounts belong to the same event and the same person could not be settled with the sources at hand. Another study also notes that after 1534 the disturbances in Anatolia began to subside; the administration of Velî Pasha, narrated in the next entry, coincides with the beginning of this period of calm.
The Question of Prince Murad
Hüsameddin sees "Sultan Murad, prince of Sultan Ahmed" at the head of the raid, but does not give this as certain information. His saying "I suppose" and "must probably have been killed" shows that he is making a conjecture. Murad, son of Prince Ahmed, son of Bayezid II, on the other hand, appears in some sources as having died in Iran in 1519, at Kashan or Isfahan. If this is true, Murad cannot have taken part in the raid on Amasya in the 1530s. It is therefore more correct to read the sentence in the text as Hüsameddin's own interpretation.
The "933 Rising"
The year 933 that Hüsameddin mentions corresponds to 1526-27. This is the year of the Kalender Çelebi rising that began in the Maraş region during the Mohács campaign. According to the sources the revolt spread to central Anatolia; in the clash at Cincife near Tokat in June 1527 many commanders, among them the bey of Amasya, died. On 22 June of the same year Kalender Çelebi's forces were dispersed. Grand Vizier Pargalı İbrahim Pasha's announcement to the sipahis whose timars had been taken that their rights would be restored separated most of the sipahi and Turkmen groups in the rebel ranks. Hüsameddin's interpretation "when the rights were handed over, the rising was suppressed" agrees with this account. It is also known that the rising did not arise only from the timar problem: research of the period additionally stresses the role of Safavid propaganda and of Kızılbaş circles. It must be pointed out that Hüsameddin builds his own interpretation on "the attitude taken toward the Turks," and that the sentence he quotes from Solakzade could not be verified from the original text in this study.
Other Names
The nickname "Deli Pervane" in the text calls to mind the name "Divâne Pervâne," mentioned among the çaşnigirs sent in pursuit of Kalender Çelebi in 1527. No source was found establishing a relationship between the two names, so the similarity cannot be put forward as a connection. No information was found in other sources on the mufti Nakîzî Bayezid Efendi, Ümmü Veledzade Abdülaziz Efendi, the fortress guardian Mehmed Ağa, Hüseyin Ağa of Rumiyye, Cebecioğlu Hasan Bey and Abdülganioğlu Mehmed Ağa.
Bibliography
Primary sources
- Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar, Amasya Tarihi, Amasya Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, 2022, vol. 3, pp. 503–504. amasya.bel.tr
Academic studies
- Selim Özcan, "Amasya'da Sancak Beyliği Yapan Şehzadeler Döneminde Amasya Şehri", DergiPark (https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/19685).
- Semra Güler, Şehzade Mustafa'nın Hayatı (1515-1553) ve Türbesi, Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, master's thesis, Bursa 2011.
- Merve Karakulak, "XVI. Yüzyılda Amasya'da Kızılbaşlık Hareketlerinin Toplumsal Yansımaları", Türk Kültürü ve Hacı Bektaş Veli Araştırma Dergisi, no. 109, 2024.
Other sources