AMASYA 05

Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar · BİRİNCİ BÂB · ONUNCU FASIL · İKİNCİ DEVRE

Koçi Bey

Encyclopedia · History of Amasya, Volume 3, p. 501–502 • Edited by: Prof. Dr. Mehmet ARSLAN

Original Text (Ottoman Turkish)

Şeyhülislâm Kemâl Paşazâde Ahmed Efendi'nin amcazâdesi Halîl Bey bin Kemâl Paşa'nın oğludur. Sultân Selîm'e intisâb edib dâ'iresinde tefeyyüz ederek 931 senesi recebinde Amasya sancağı beyi olarak geldi.

Bana öyle geliyor ki ber-hayât olduğu anlaşılan Sultân Murâd tarafından icrâ edilen şî'a teşkîlât-ı hafiyyesi bütün Anadolu'yu dâ'ire-i şümûlüne almış bir hâlde ihtilâl erbâbı 932 senesinde ve her tarafda birden harekete gelmişlerdi. Bu esnâda Bosna beylerbeyi Hüseyin Paşa Sivas'a ve İskender Paşa Trabzon'a nakl edildi.

Sultân Süleyman-ı Kânûnî Macaristan seferinde olduğu esnâda ihtilâlciler, iki büyük kumandanın idâresi altında birden kıyâm etmişlerdi. Bunlardan birincisi Zünnûn Şâh denilen Varaylı Zünnûn Halîfe idi. İdâresi altında kırk bin kadar şî'ası vardı. 933 senesinde Yozgat ile Tokat arasında icrâ-yı harekât etmekde idi. Bunun hedefi Konya ve Amasya idi.

İkincisi Hacı Bektâş evlâdından olduğunu iddi'â eden "Nefesoğlu" demekle meşhûr Kalender Paşa bin Habîb Efendi bin İskender bin Balım Sultân bin Resûl Çelebi idi. İdâresi altında otuz binden ziyâde şî'ası vardı. Ankara havâlîsinde icrâ-yı harekât etmekde idi. Hedefi Üsküdâr'dı. [294]

Erbâb-ı ihtilâl yalnız bunlardan da ibâret değildi. Adana dâhilinde Velî Şâh denilen adamın, Tarsus livâsında Yenice Bey'in açdıkları ihtilâl bayrakları altında binlerce şî'a da bu sene kıyâm etmişlerdi. Her hâlde başlarında gâyet zî-nüfûz ve müdebbir adam vardı.

Zünnûn Şâh'ın kumanda etdiği ihtilâlcilerin üzerine ibtidâ Karaman beylerbeyi İskender Paşazâde Hurrem Paşa serdâr olup hayli mîrlivâlarla beraber harbe girdi. Serdâr ile İçil, Kayseriyye beyleri şehîd ve ordu münhezim oldu.

Zünnûn bundan kuvvet bulup Tokat havâlîsini vurdu. Kazova'ya kadar geldi. Önüne gelen kasabaları harâb etdi. Burada Sivas beylerbeyi Hüseyin Paşa Amasya, Tokat, Arabkir, Malatya beyleriyle beraber olup Zünnûn ordusuyla harbe girdi.

Zünnûn ibtidâ galebe edib Malatya beyi Yularkısdı Sinan Paşazâde İskender, Amasya beyi Koçi Beyler şehîd oldu. İkinci hücûmda Hüseyin Paşa kolu galebe edib Zünnûn Şâh vuruldu. Ordusu dağıldı.

Fakat ihtilâlciler, Hüseyin Paşa'nın ordusuna bir gece baskını yapdılar. Hüseyin Paşa yaralandı, ordusu dağıldı. Müte'âkiben Diyârbekir beylerbeyi Hüsrev Paşa yetişdi. Erbâb-ı ihtilâli kılıçdan geçirdi. Fakat Hüseyin Paşa, Sivas'a vusûlünden birkaç gün sonra vefât etdi.

Kalender Şâh'ın kumanda etdiği erbâb-ı ihtilâl üzerine de sadr-ı a'zam İbrâhim Paşa serdâr olup Anadolu beylerbeyi Behrâm, Karaman beylerbeyi Mahmûd Paşalar'la hayli sancak beyleri beraberdi. Bunlar da ibtidâ münhezim [295] ve Mahmûd Paşa ile Alâ'iyye beyi Mustafa Paşa şehîd oldu.

Ba'dehû Kalender'in kuvvet bulan etbâ'ından çokları tenvîrât ve in'âmât-ı mahsûsa ile elde edildi. Bakiyyeleri üzerine "Belâlı Mehmed Ağa" ile "Deli Pervâne Bey" me'mûr olmuşlardı. Bunlar bütün kuvvetleriyle çalışıp erbâb-ı ihtilâli târumâr etdiler. Belâlı Mehmed Ağa kapıcılar kethüdâsı, Deli Pervâne müteferrika oldu. Amasya sancağına da Abdullah Bey ta'yîn edildi.

Our Research Article Editor: Mevlüt Erdem Öztürk

In Modern English

Koçi Bey, the cousin on the paternal side of Şeyhülislam Kemalpaşazade Ahmed Efendi, is the son of Halil Bey son of Kemal Pasha. Having attached himself to Sultan Selim and been raised in his circle, he came as sanjak bey of Amasya in the month of Rajab of the year 931 [1524-25].

It seems to me that the Shiite secret organization founded by Sultan Murad, who is understood to have been alive, had embraced the whole of Anatolia, and that the rebels in the year 932 [1525-26] moved at once everywhere. At this time Hüseyin Pasha, beylerbeyi of Bosnia, was transferred to Sivas, and İskender Pasha to Trabzon.

While Sultan Süleyman the Lawgiver was on the Hungarian campaign, the rebels rose at once under the command of two great leaders. The first of them was Zünnun Halife of Varay, called Zünnun Shah. He had some forty thousand Shiites under his command. In the year 933 [1526-27] he was operating between Yozgat and Tokat. His target was Konya and Amasya.

The second was Kalender Pasha son of Habib Efendi son of İskender son of Balım Sultan son of Resul Çelebi, known as "Nefesoğlu," who claimed to be of the line of Hacı Bektaş. He had more than thirty thousand Shiites under his command. He was operating around Ankara. His target was Üsküdar.

The rebels were not made up only of these. Thousands of Shiites also rose that year under the banners of revolt raised by the man called Veli Shah in Adana and by Yenice Bey in the sanjak of Tarsus. In every case there must have been very influential and prudent men at their head.

Against the rebels commanded by Zünnun Shah, first İskender Paşazade Hürrem Pasha, beylerbeyi of Karaman, as commander-in-chief entered battle together with a good many sanjak beys. With the commander-in-chief the beys of İçel and Kayseri were martyred, and the army was routed.

Zünnun, taking strength from this, struck the area around Tokat. He came as far as Kazova. He ruined the towns that lay before him. Here Hüseyin Pasha, beylerbeyi of Sivas, together with the beys of Amasya, Tokat, Arapkir and Malatya, entered battle with Zünnun's army.

Zünnun prevailed at first; Yularkısdı Sinan Paşazade İskender, bey of Malatya, and Koçi Bey, bey of Amasya, were martyred. In the second assault Hüseyin Pasha's wing prevailed, and Zünnun Shah was struck down. His army scattered.

But the rebels made a night raid on Hüseyin Pasha's army. Hüseyin Pasha was wounded and his army scattered. Then Hüsrev Pasha, beylerbeyi of Diyarbekir, arrived. He put the rebels to the sword. But Hüseyin Pasha died a few days after his arrival at Sivas.

Against the rebels commanded by Kalender Shah, the grand vizier İbrahim Pasha went as commander-in-chief; the beylerbeyi of Anatolia Behram and the beylerbeyi of Karaman Mahmud Pashas and a good many sanjak beys were with him. These too were first routed; Mahmud Pasha and Mustafa Pasha, bey of Alâiye (Alanya), were martyred.

Then most of Kalender's strengthened partisans were won over by warnings and special gifts. Against the rest "Belalı Mehmed Ağa" and "Deli Pervane Bey" were assigned. These worked with all their strength and scattered the rebels completely. Belalı Mehmed Ağa became kethüda of the gatekeepers (deputy of the kapıcıbaşı), and Deli Pervane became müteferrika (a privileged mounted official in palace service). Abdullah Bey was appointed to the sanjak of Amasya.

Notes and Research

Old Words in the Text

  • amcazâde: son of a paternal uncle
  • intisâb etmek: to attach oneself, to belong
  • tefeyyüz etmek: to receive benefit, to be raised and advance
  • şî'a teşkîlât-ı hafiyyesi: the Shiite secret organization
  • dâ'ire-i şümûl: sphere of inclusion
  • ihtilâl erbâbı: rebels
  • kıyâm etmek: to rise in revolt
  • serdâr: commander-in-chief
  • mîrlivâ: sanjak bey
  • münhezim: routed
  • istîsâl: uprooting, annihilating
  • tenvîrât ve in'âmât-ı mahsûsa: warnings and special gifts
  • târumâr: completely scattered
  • kapıcılar kethüdâsı: the deputy of the kapıcıbaşı, a palace official
  • müteferrika: a privileged mounted official in palace service

Koçi Bey's Family

Hüsameddin presents Koçi Bey as the cousin on the paternal side of the şeyhülislam Kemalpaşazade. Kemalpaşazade's grandfather is Kemal Pasha and his father Süleyman Çelebi. Süleyman Çelebi was appointed guardian of Amasya in 1474, transferred to the sanjak of Tokat in 1478, and then died in Istanbul. Kemalpaşazade himself also took lessons from the ulema of Amasya and is counted as an Amasyan in some sources. The family has an old tie with Amasya. That Halil Bey, shown as Koçi Bey's father, was Kemal Pasha's other son is stated by Hüsameddin; no separate record confirming this relationship was found.

The Present-Day Account of the Zünnun Rising

The Baba Zünnun movement is dated in research to the summer of 1526. Zünnun rose in August 1526 by raiding the mansion of Mustafa Bey, sanjak bey of Bozok; the event soon spread around Tokat, Sivas, Amasya, Adana, Tarsus and İçel. Hürrem Pasha, beylerbeyi of Karaman, was killed on 28 August 1526 while fighting the rebels on the plain of Kayseri, and Berham, sanjak bey of Kayseri, and Ali Bey, sanjak bey of İçel, also lost their lives in this clash. Hüsameddin's sentence "the commander-in-chief and the beys of İçel and Kayseri were martyred" agrees with these records.

Afterward Pîrî Bey, sanjak bey of Adana, and Hüseyin Pasha, beylerbeyi of Sivas, defeated the rebels on 26 September 1526, and Zünnun died on the battlefield. Zünnun's men attacked the Ottoman army, which was trying to regroup at night, and gravely wounded Hüseyin Pasha; the pasha was taken to Sivas and died there. Three days later Deli Hüsrev Pasha, beylerbeyi of Diyarbekir, arrived and put the captured rebels to the sword. This account is largely the same as what Hüsameddin writes of the second assault, the night raid and Hüsrev Pasha's massacre. Some sources mention Hüsrev Pasha as beylerbeyi of Aleppo; Hüsameddin says Diyarbekir.

The difference is in the dates. Hüsameddin places the movement in the year 933 (1526-27); in the sources Zünnun's death is September 1526, which corresponds to the end of the year 932. No record confirming the figure "forty thousand" that Hüsameddin gives was found. According to some researchers the later wave started by Zünnun's son Halil was a community of 5-6 thousand people; the main headquarters of this movement was at the town of Kat, overlooking Kazova between Tokat and Turhal.

The Kalender Çelebi Rising

Kalender Çelebi (Kalender Shah) was an Alevi opinion leader of Maraş and its surroundings. It is reported that he descended from Hacı Bektaş, that his father was İskender, son of Balım Sultan, and his grandfather Habib Efendi; the lineage Hüsameddin gives agrees with this report. The rising began in 1527, and some 30 thousand people gathered around him. The greater part of these were sipahis who had lost their timars through the new tax system after the disappearance of the Dulkadir realm, and Turkmen tribes.

Kalender first defeated Yakub Pasha, beylerbeyi of Sivas, and then Behram Pasha, beylerbeyi of Anatolia, at Karaçayır. Behram Pasha, together with the beylerbeyis of Karaman and Aleppo, fought again on 8 June 1527 at Cincife near Tokat and was routed. The beylerbeyi of Karaman and the beys of Alâiye, Amasya and Birecik died in this battle. Hüsameddin writes of the deaths of Mahmud Pasha and the bey of Alâiye. He ties the death of the bey of Amasya to Koçi Bey's battle with Zünnun's army. These two accounts may have placed the same event in different places. Abdullah Bey's succeeding Koçi Bey in the month of Dhu al-Qa'da 933 (July-August 1527) reinforces the impression that the death was around June 1527; a definite judgment, however, cannot be made.

The grand vizier İbrahim Pasha advanced as far as Elbistan with 3000 Janissaries and 2000 sipahis. He did not take the soldiers who had been defeated by Kalender into his camp. He announced that the Dulkadirli sipahis whose timars had been taken, and the Turkmen notables, would have their old rights restored. This move worked; the sipahis and the tribes began to withdraw their support. When only 3-4 thousand people were left to Kalender, İbrahim Pasha sent the çaşnigirs Bilal Mehmed and Divâne Pervâne with a force of 500. This force caught up with the rebels on 22 June 1527 at the Başsaz summer pasture; Kalender Çelebi and Divâne Dündar of the Dulkadiroğulları were killed. The two persons Hüsameddin calls "Belalı Mehmed Ağa" and "Deli Pervane Bey" are most likely this Bilal Mehmed and Divâne Pervâne; apart from the similarity of the names, no record making this certain was seen. Hüsameddin gives Kalender's target as Üsküdar; the sources, however, write that Kalender turned first toward Iran and then toward Baghdad.

Hüsameddin's Interpretation

The sentence beginning "It seems to me" is not a fact found in the sources but Hüsameddin's own inference. He ties the risings to the coordination of a Shiite secret organization. The influence of Safavid propaganda is also mentioned in research; the same research, however, puts forward internal causes such as the tax system and the loss of timars. The reader must keep these two views apart.

Bibliography

Primary sources

  • Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar, Amasya Tarihi, Amasya Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, 2022, vol. 3, pp. 501–502. amasya.bel.tr

Academic studies

Other sources

Volume 3 contents

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