AMASYA 05

Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar · BİRİNCİ BÂB · ONUNCU FASIL

The Fourth Historical Period

Encyclopedia · History of Amasya, Volume 4, p. 609–610 • Edited by: Doç. Dr. Hicabi GÜLGEN

Original Text (Ottoman Turkish)

Osmanlı İmparatorluğunda Amasya Târihi’nin dördüncü devresi 1099 senesi gurre-i şa’bânında başlar, 1219 senesi rebiülevveline kadar yüz yirmi yıl devam eder. Bu devre-i târihiyyeyi açan, Amasya’nın eski hânedânından Kadızâde Hüseyin Paşa’dır. [201]

Amasyalılarca ve Müderris Abdî Efendizâde es-Seyyid eş-Şeyh Ali Efendi’nin pederi tezkiresine zeylen yazdığı Sergüzeşt-i Amasya adlı mecmuasında meşhûr olan harîk ve kıtâl hâdise-i fecîası esnasında Sivas Vâlisi Ankaralı Gedik Mehmed Paşa ve Amasya Mutasarrıfı Yeğen Osmân Paşazâde Hüseyin Paşa idi.

Bu acıklı hâdisede çok canlar telef olmuş, çok kıymetli binalar, konaklar, hanlar yanıp emvâl ü eşyâ-yı azîme yağma edilmişdi. Bu hâdisenin müsebbibleri de sâdât kumandanı Mumcuzâde Seyyid Ahmed Paşa ile kardeşi Deli Seyyid, Koca Emîr, Saçlı Emîr sayılırdı.

Mutasarrıf Hüseyin Paşa’nın etbâı Yeğenliler de emîrlere, seyyidlere uyup her tarafı talân ve kıtâle iştirak etmişlerdi. Bundan dolayı Amasya a‘yânı gerek Yeğenli olan türedilere ve gerek Seyyid Paşalılara hasm-ı cân olmuşlar, bunlardan her tarafa şikâyetler yağdırmışlar, istimdâd istemişlerdi.

1099 senesi şa’bânının ikinci günü Amasya Müftüsü Dursunzâde Pîrî Mehmed Efendi bu fitne-i hâileden müteessiren vefât eylediğinden nakîbü’l-eşrâf kâ’im-makâmı olan müftü-i esbak es-Seyyid Mustafa Efendi Amasya müftüsü oldu. İhtifâ eden Kadı İbrâhim Efendi’ye de niyâbet eylediğinden Amasya’nın hem nâibi, hem müftüsü, hem de nakîbü’l-eşrâf kâ’im-makâmı olmuşdu.

Bu vak’alar esnasında zorbaların ve türedilerin medâr-ı kuvveti ve istinâdgâhı serasker olan Bayburdluoğlu Vezîr Yeğen Osmân Paşa idi. Yeğen Paşa, Belgrad önünde yaptığı cür’etkârlıktan dolayı fermânlı oldukta [202] Topal Hüseyin Paşa Anadolu müfettişi olup türedilerin kahr u tedmîrine me’mûr edilmiş, bundan dolayı türediler can kaygısına düşmüşlerdi.

Fakat emîrlerin nüfûz ve şefaatiyle Sultân Bâyezîd Câmii kürsü şeyhi olan İbrâhim Efendi Tarîkat-ı Şâbâniye ricâlinden âlim bir zât ise de hubb-i Ali ve âl-i âbâda müfrit, sâdâta pek mâil olduğundan azliyle Hızır Efendizâde Yâkub Efendi üçüncü defa kürsü şeyhi oldu.

Sivas Vâlisi Gedik Mehmed Paşa, ma’iyyet-i mevcûdesiyle Sivas’tan kalkıp Üsküdar’a müteveccihen hareket ve zu‘munca Rumeli’de gaza ve harbe niyet etmişdi. Hâlbuki maksadı, kendisinden istimdâd eden Yeğen Osmân Paşa’nın nüfûz u istibdâdına hizmet ve nusret etmekti.

Bunun için Rumeli’ye gitmeden mümânât edildi. Müfettiş Hüseyin Paşa ile harb ederek mağlûbâne ric‘at ve Sivas’ta mütesellimi olan Amasyalı Kuloğlu Zor Abbas Ağa’dan istimdâd etmişdi. Sâbık Amasya Mutasarrıfı Mirza Mehmed Paşa da âkibet hâle intizâren yahut gizli verilen emre binâen Amasya’da ikâmet ediyordu.

Bir taraftan türedilerin belâsı, diğer taraftan emir ve seyyid unvânı alan mütegallibenin cefâsı yüzünden Amasya acıklı bir felâkete uğramış, her taraftan zuhur ederek sâdâtın ve türedilerin kılıcından artakalan Amasyalıları da tâûn u kaht u galâ öldürüyordu.

Ramazân evâilinde tevâlî eden fermânlarda Yeğen Osmân Paşa’nın fermânlı olup gerek kendisi ve gerek etbâını tenkil ve istisâle herkesin me’zûn [203] olduğu emr u nefîr-i âmm askerî talep edilerek Amasya sancağı ikinci defa Mirza Mehmed Paşa’ya tevcîh ve mutasarrıf-ı sâbık Hüseyin Paşa ile etbâının katl u i’dâmı tenbîh edildi.

Our Research Article Editor: Mevlüt Erdem Öztürk

In Modern English

The fourth period of the history of Amasya under the Ottoman Empire begins on the first day of Şaban 1099 [June 1688] and lasts one hundred and twenty years, until Rebiülevvel 1219 [June 1804]. The one who opens this historical period is Kadızâde Hüseyin Pasha, of the old dynasties of Amasya.

During the catastrophe of fire and slaughter, famous among the people of Amasya and in the compilation (mecmua) called Sergüzeşt-i Amasya, which Müderris Abdî Efendizâde es-Seyyid eş-Şeyh Ali Efendi wrote as a supplement to his father's biographical anthology (tezkire), the governor of Sivas was Gedik Mehmed Pasha of Ankara, and the governor (mutasarrıf) of Amasya was Hüseyin Pasha, son of Yeğen Osman Pasha.

In this tragic event many lives were lost, many valuable buildings, mansions and inns were burned, and a great quantity of goods and property was plundered. Those held responsible for the event were the leader of the seyyids Mumcuzâde Seyyid Ahmed Pasha and his brother Deli Seyyid, Koca Emîr and Saçlı Emîr.

The Yeğenlis, who were Governor Hüseyin Pasha's men, also followed the emirs and seyyids and took part in the plundering of every quarter and in the slaughter. For this reason the notables of Amasya became mortal enemies both of the upstarts who were Yeğenlis and of the partisans of Seyyid Pasha, showered complaints about them on every quarter and asked for help.

On the second day of Şaban 1099, when the mufti of Amasya, Dursunzâde Pîrî Mehmed Efendi, died, affected by this terrible turmoil, the former mufti es-Seyyid Mustafa Efendi, who was deputy of the naqib al-ashraf, became mufti of Amasya. Since he also stood in for the kadı İbrahim Efendi, who was in hiding, he had become at once the judge's deputy (naib), the mufti and the deputy of the naqib al-ashraf of Amasya.

During these events the source of strength and the support of the ruffians and upstarts was the serasker (commander-in-chief) Vizier Yeğen Osman Pasha, son of the man from Bayburt. When a decree was issued against Yeğen Pasha because of his audacity before Belgrade, Topal Hüseyin Pasha was assigned as inspector of Anatolia to crush and destroy the upstarts, and for this reason the upstarts fell into fear for their lives.

But İbrahim Efendi, who had become chair-holding sheikh (kürsü şeyhi) of the Sultan Bayezid Mosque through the influence and mediation of the emirs, though a learned man of the Şabaniye order, went to excess in love for Ali and the Ahl al-Bayt and leaned very much toward the seyyids, and was therefore dismissed; Hızır Efendizâde Yâkub Efendi became chair-holding sheikh for the third time.

The governor of Sivas, Gedik Mehmed Pasha, had set out from Sivas toward Üsküdar with the forces in his retinue, intending, by his own claim, to wage holy war and battle in Rumeli. But his real aim was to serve and support the influence and ruffianism of Yeğen Osman Pasha, who had asked him for help.

For this reason he was prevented from going to Rumeli. He fought the inspector Hüseyin Pasha, was defeated and withdrew, and asked for help from his deputy governor (mütesellim) in Sivas, Kuloğlu Zor Abbas Ağa of Amasya. The former governor of Amasya, Mirza Mehmed Pasha, was staying in Amasya either awaiting the outcome of the matter or on the basis of an order given secretly.

Because of the scourge of the upstarts on one side and the torment of the ruffians who had taken the title of emir and seyyid on the other, Amasya had suffered a tragic catastrophe; plague, famine and high prices appearing everywhere were killing the people of Amasya left over from the swords of the seyyids and upstarts.

In decrees arriving one after another at the beginning of Ramazan, it was announced that Yeğen Osman Pasha had been declared a rebel and that everyone was given permission to punish him and his men and to root them out, and troops for a general mobilization (nefîr-i âm) were demanded; the sanjak of Amasya was given to Mirza Mehmed Pasha for the second time, and the killing of the former governor Hüseyin Pasha and his men was ordered.

Notes and Research

Old Words in the Text

  • devre-i târihiyye: historical period, era
  • zeylen: as a supplement, as a continuation
  • mecmua: a notebook in which various writings are collected
  • hâdise-i fecîa: tragic event
  • emvâl ü eşyâ-yı azîme: a great quantity of goods and property
  • hasm-ı cân: mortal enemy; istimdâd: asking for help
  • fitne-i hâile: terrible turmoil
  • ihtifâ: going into hiding; niyâbet: deputyship, acting as a naib
  • fermânlı: a person against whom a decree of capture or killing has been issued
  • kahr u tedmîr: crushing and destroying
  • kürsü şeyhi: an appointed preacher who preaches from the pulpit chair in great mosques
  • hubb-i Ali ve âl-i âbâ: love for Ali and the Ahl al-Bayt
  • mümânaat: obstruction; ric'at: withdrawal
  • mütegallibe: ruffians who seize power by force
  • tâûn, kaht u galâ: plague, famine and high prices
  • tenkîl ve istisâl: punishing and rooting out
  • nefîr-i âmm: general mobilization in which the people also take part

The Limits of the Fourth Period

Hüsameddin divides the Ottoman-era history of Amasya into "periods" that he determined himself. He bounds the fourth period as one hundred and twenty years from 1 Şaban 1099 (June 1688) to Rebiülevvel 1219 (June 1804), and ties its beginning to a change of administrator, the rise of Kadızâde Hüseyin Pasha. This division belongs to the author; from the standpoint of the general Ottoman history of the time, 1688 is a crisis year in which, after the deposition of Mehmed IV, Yeğen Osman Pasha and his men in Anatolia defied the state and were then removed by general mobilization. No information about Kadızâde Hüseyin Pasha was found in other sources; in later entries he appears again as the beylerbeyi of Adana and one of the inspectors of Anatolia.

Sergüzeşt-i Amasya and the Abdîzâde Family

Sergüzeşt-i Amasya, which Hüsameddin cites for the fire and slaughter of 1688, is a compilation that es-Seyyid eş-Şeyh Ali Efendi, son of the madrasa professor Abdî Efendi, wrote as a supplement to his father's anthology of poets. Hüsameddin himself bears the epithet "Abdîzâde"; he was born in 1869 in the Çeribaşı quarter of Amasya as the son of Abdîzâde Hacı Mehmed Ağa. Whether his family is connected to the seventeenth-century Müderris Abdî Efendi could not be verified in this research. Müderris Abdî Efendi's tezkire is also used as a source in the poets' section of the Amasya Tarihi; for example, Hüsameddin relays the teacher and family of Hâcezâde Şevkî Mehmed Efendi from this tezkire. Elsewhere in the book he laments that the "Abdî Efendi Compilation" containing poems was burned. In the searches made, no currently known copy of the work called Sergüzeşt-i Amasya was found. This shows that a significant part of the information in the entry was compiled by the author from local compilations and documents circulating hand to hand in Amasya, most of which may not have survived to our day.

The Chair-Holding Sheikhship and the Şabaniye

That the dismissed chair-holding sheikh İbrahim Efendi belonged to the Şabaniye order and stood close to the seyyids shows that the events reached religious circles as well. The kürsü şeyhliği was an office created for preaching to the public in the great sultanic mosques. According to İrfan Başkurt's research, it first appeared in the time of Mehmed the Conqueror; at first a title given to order sheikhs, in time it began to be given also to scholars of the outward sciences (zahir ulema) with scholarly competence, and later it spread outside Istanbul to the provinces. That the Sultan Bayezid Mosque in Amasya had a chair-holding sheikh reflects the mosque's central place in the city.

The Şabaniye is a branch of the Halvetiye order named after Şâbân-ı Velî (d. 976/1569), who lived in Kastamonu. Its chain of transmission reaches, through Şâbân-ı Velî, Hayreddin Tokadî and Cemâl-i Halvetî, Seyyid Yahyâ-yı Şirvânî, the second pir of the Halvetiye. It is known that Şâbân-ı Velî spread the order by sending his deputies (halife) to neighboring cities; the presence of a representative of his in Amasya is a result of this spread.

Gedik Mehmed Pasha and Topal Hüseyin Pasha

The man Hüsameddin calls "Gedik Mehmed Pasha of Ankara" is Gedik Bölükbaşı, one of Yeğen Osman Pasha's strongest men in Anatolia. Within the policy of dispersing ruffian leaders by giving them sanjaks, he had been sent to the governorship of Sivas in the spring of 1688. In a council held on 31 December 1688, the government declared Yeğen Osman Pasha a "traitor to religion and state," regarded him as a threat to be attacked before the enemy, and sent general-mobilization (nefîr-i âm) decrees to officials in Anatolia and Rumeli against him, "Gedik Pasha, who administers the province of Sivas," and the other upstarts. The information Hüsameddin gives on the decrees arriving at the beginning of Ramazan is the reflection in Amasya of this general mobilization.

About Topal Hüseyin Pasha, the inspector of Anatolia said to have been assigned to suppress the upstarts, no information on these events was found in other sources. It is known that a Topal Hüseyin Pasha with the same epithet was serasker at the siege of Osijek in 1690-1692 and in Belgrade. Hüsameddin, however, writes in the next entry that "Topal Hüseyin Pasha of Bosnia" was killed in battle by Zor Abbas Ağa. Taking these two pieces of information together, either two different persons bearing the same epithet are involved, or there is a confusion in Hüsameddin's record.

Plague and Famine

Hüsameddin's writing that after the fire and slaughter "plague, famine and high prices" ravaged Amasya is consistent with the general picture of the period. The plague was active in many parts of Ottoman lands in these years. It is recorded that Seyyid Hasan, the keeper of a diary kept in Istanbul, lost several members of his family to plague and himself died of the same disease in 1688, and that finding space in cemeteries became difficult. On the Aegean island of Milos plague was seen three years in a row, in 1687, 1688 and 1689, and an epidemic occurred in the Morea in the same years. No records of an epidemic in Amasya in these years were found in other sources.

Bibliography

Primary sources

Academic studies

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