Hacı Kutlu Şâh'ın ikinci mahdûmu olup 760 senesi şevvâlinde Amasya emîri olarak geldi.⁴⁹²Amasya'da Mevlânâ Fahreddîn İlyâs bin Cemâl-i Aksârâyî'den okumuş, güzel tahsîl görmüş ulemâdan olmuşdu. [62] Meşhûr Cemâleddîn Muhammed Aksarâyî kendisinin şerîk-i dersi, refîk-i irfânı idi.⁴⁹³
Şâdgeldi Pâdişâh, halk arasında "Şâdgeldi Paşa" demekle meşhûr olmuşdu. Çünkü "Paşa" Türk dilinde "afv ve setri gâlib, halîm, müdebbir, mu'tedil" ma'nâsına idi. Şâdgeldi Bey, bu sıfatlarla hakîkaten muttasıf, âlim, halûk bir zât idi.
Şâdgeldi Pâdişâh'ın iki amcası vardı: Biri Bedreddîn Gazânşâh, diğeri Şerefeddîn Toganşâh idi. Toganşâh Turhal beyi olup mahdûmları Mübârekşâh, Mukbil Beyler'di.
Hacı Kutlu Şâh, her tarafdan aldığı mühim kuvvetlerle Karamânoğlu Alâ'eddîn Bey'e karşı gitdi. Karamânîler'le muhârebeler ederek üçüncü def'a Karaman ordusunu fenâ bozdu. Alâ'eddîn Bey'i firâra mecbûr ederek Konya'yı tekrâr aldı.
Hacı Kutlu Şâh, Konya'nın üçüncü def'a fethi üzerine Eretna'dan ziyâde nüfûz ve şöhret kazandı. Türkler için Eretnaoğulları'ndan bir hayır ve menfa'at gelmeyeceğine kanâ'at getirdiğinden Emîr Ca'fer'i ber-taraf ederek i'lân-ı istiklâl etdi.
Bunun üzerine Hacı Kutlu Şâh, Kayseriyye emâretine birâderi Bedreddîn Gazânşâh'ı nasb ederek Ca'fer Bey'in emr-i muhâfazasına [63] me'mûr etdi. Bu esnâda Ankara beyi Devletşâhoğlu Melik Nâsıreddîn Bahtiyâr Bey idi.
Bahtiyâr Bey, "Câmiu'd-Düvel"de mezkûr olduğu üzere pederi Devletşâh'dan sonra Ankara emîri olmuşdu. Fakat serkeş ve zulümkâr adamdı. Gâh Karamânîler'le beraber olup Osmân İli'ni târâc eder, gâh Kutlu Şâh ile ittifâk edib Karaman ilini vururdu.
Hacı Kutlu Şâh'ın istiklâli, Eretnaoğullarına tarafdâr olan beylere, hâssaten Hâce Alî Şâh ile Dulkadiroğlu Halîl Bey bin Karaca Bey'e güç gelmiş, her biri Hacı Kutlu Şâh'a karşı vaz'iyyet almışdı.
Karamânoğulları Süleyman ve Alâ'eddîn Beyler, Konya'yı kurtarmak için her tarafdan kendilerine müttefik ararken bu beyleri suhûletle elde etmişler, var kuvvetleriyle Hacı Kutlu Şâh üzerine yürümüşlerdi.
Hacı Kutlu Şâh'ın gâyesi, harekâtından anlaşılıyor ki müteferrik emâretlerden dolayı aralarına tefrika giren Türkler'i birleşdirip Avrupa'da garba doğru ileri giden Osmanlı Türkleri'ne muzâheret etmekdi.
Ne çâresi var ki ancak kendi menfa'atlerine bakan büyük beyler ve efendiler, bu gâyeyi takdîr edemiyorlar, Hacı Kutlu Şâh'ın mağlûb ve menkûb olmasına çalışıyorlar, Hacı Kutlu Şâh'a yardım edecek beyleri bile ellerinden geldiği kadar caydırıyorlardı.
Bu sebebden Hacı Kutlu Şâh'a yardım edecek yalnız büyük mahdûmu Ahmed Şâh idi. Diğer mahdûmu Şâdgeldi Paşa Amasya'dan ayrıldığı [64] gün Halifetoğlu Alâ'eddîn Alî Bey bin Süleyman Bey'in Amasya'yı zabta kıyâm edeceği muhakkakdı.
Kendinin nasb etdiği birâderi Gazânşâh ise Samgaroğlu Hızır Bey'den çekindiğini der-miyân ederek Kayseriyye'den hareket etmiyor, asker bile göndermiyordu. Hacı Kutlu Şâh her vechile yalnız başına kalmışdı. Hacı Kutlu Şâh, Karamânîler'le mükerreren çarpışdı. Ba'zen galebe ediyor, ba'zen mağlûb oluyordu.
Kuvveti azaldığı cihetle beylerden istimdâd etdi. Olanca kuvvetiyle yardım eden yalnız Sivas emîri Şihâbeddîn Ahmed Şâh oldu. Şâdgeldi Paşa ile Kâbilîzâde Muhammed Paşa Amasya ve Tokat'dan asker gönderdiler.
Hacı Kutlu Şâh ile mahdûmu Ahmed Şâh, son bir gayretle ve şiddetle harb ederek mevki'lerini muhâfaza ediyorlardı. Fakat Karamânoğlu Alâ'eddîn Bey, aldığı yeni ve mühim kuvvetlerle tecdîd-i savlet ederek harbi kazandı. Hacı Kutlu Şâh ile mahdûmu maktûl oldu (762).
Alâ'eddîn Bey, Konya'yı kurtardıkdan sonra Kayseriyye üzerine yürüdü. Kayseriyye emîri Gazânşâh'ı ve dâmâdı olan Mühezziboğlu Alameddîn Süleyman Bey'i firâra mecbûr edib Eretnazâde Muhammed Bey'i makâm-ı emârete nasb ve i'âde ederek avdet etdi.
Müneccimbaşı Ahmed Efendi "Câmiu'd-Düvel"inde diyor ki: "Karamânzâde Alâ'eddîn Bey, İbni Kürd ile mükerreren harb etdi. Sonunda galebe edib İbni Kürd'ü öldürdü. Eretnazâde Muhammed Bey'i makâm-ı emârete nasb ve i'âde eyledi".[65]
Gazânşâh ile dâmâdı ve evlâd u ıyâli Amasya'ya avdet etmek imkânını göremediklerinden Şâm'a firâr etdiler. Buradan Kudüs'e gidip orada yerleşdiler.⁴⁹⁴
Hacı Kutlu Şâh ile mahdûmunun vefâtı, Karamânîler'i pek ziyâde sevindirmiş, lâkin Eretna memâlikini âdetâ bir herc ü merce vermişdi. Hele Amasya için bir felâket olmuş, Şâdgeldi Paşa'nın mu'ârızlarını kanlı hareketlere sürüklemişdi.
Karamânîler bu zaferle neş'elenerek Ankara'da Devletşâh oğlu Bahtiyâr Bey'i kendilerine uydurmuş, Osmân İli'ni târâc etmeye kıyâm etmiş idi. Çünkü Bursa emîri Osmân oğlu Orhan Bey 761 senesi recebinde vefât edib yerine mahdûmu Hünkâr Murâd Bey geçmişdi.
Orhân Bey devrinde Osmân İli'ni ikide bir iz'âc eden Bahtiyâr Bey, Karamânîler'e uyup yine iz'âcâtını tekrâr etdiğinden Osmanlı kumandânlarından meşhûr Sunkur Paşa⁴⁹⁵ bir kuvve-i mühimme ile geldi, Ankara'yı fenâ hâlde sardı.
Bahtiyâr Bey'in tecâvüzâtından zâten bîzâr olan Ankara halkı Sunkur Paşa'ya kaleyi teslîm ederek Murâd Bey'e bey'at etmişlerdir. Bahtiyâr Bey, mahdûmu Kara Devletşâh ile Amasya'ya kaçıp Şâdgeldi Paşa'ya ilticâ etdi. [66]
Amasya a'yân-ı ümerâsından Halifetoğlu Alâ'eddîn Alî Bey pederi devrinden beri fırsat zamânını gözlerken Hacı Kutlu Şâh'ın maktûl olduğunu duyduğu anda harekete geldi. Kendine mu'în olan beylere baş oldu, Amasya emâretini zabta kıyâm etdi.
Çünkü Gül Beyoğlu Alâ'aeddîn Alî bin Muhammed ve birâderi Receb, Tuli Beyzâde İbrâhim, Yağmur Beyzâde diğer İbrâhim Beyler Halifetzâde Alâ'eddîn Alî Bey'in tarafdârânı idiler. Köprü emîri Taşanzâde Haydar Bey, Osmâncık emîri Sârımeddîn Ahmed Bey de Alî Bey'i iltizâm ediyorlardı.
Alâ'eddîn Alî Bey, bu kadar kuvveti buldukdan sonra kıyâm edib Amasya emâretini zabt ederek Şâdgeldi Paşa'yı Amasya'dan çıkardı. Çünkü Şâdgeldi Paşa kendisini müdâfa'a eden askeri pederinin yanına göndermiş, Amasya'yı müdâfa'asız bir hâlde bırakmışdı.
In Modern English
He was the second son of Hacı Kutlu Şâh and came as emir of Amasya in Shawwal 760 [1359-60]. In Amasya he had taken lessons from Mevlânâ Fahreddîn İlyâs bin Cemâl-i Aksârâyî and was among the scholars who had studied well. The famed Cemâleddîn Muhammed Aksarâyî was his classmate and friend in learning.
Şâdgeldi Pâdişâh had become famed among the people as "Şâdgeldi Paşa". For "Paşa", in the Turkish language, meant "one in whom forgiving and covering faults prevails, gentle-natured, prudent, moderate". Şâdgeldi Bey was truly equipped with these qualities, a learned, gentle-natured person.
Şâdgeldi Pâdişâh had two uncles: one was Bedreddîn Gazânşâh, the other Şerefeddîn Toganşâh. Toganşâh was bey of Turhal, and his sons were Mübârekşâh and Mukbil Beys.
Hacı Kutlu Şâh marched on Karamanoğlu Alâ'eddîn Bey with important forces gathered from everywhere. Fighting the Karamanids, for the third time he routed the Karaman army badly. Forcing Alâ'eddîn Bey to flee, he took Konya again.
With the third conquest of Konya Hacı Kutlu Şâh gained far more influence and fame than Eretna. Reaching the conviction that no good or benefit would come to the Turks from the Eretnaoğulları, he set aside Emîr Ca'fer and declared his independence.
Thereupon Hacı Kutlu Şâh appointed his brother Bedreddîn Gazânşâh to the emirate of Kayseri and gave him the task of keeping Ca'fer Bey under watch. At this time the bey of Ankara was Melik Nâsıreddîn Bahtiyâr Bey, son of Devletşâh.
Bahtiyâr Bey, as recorded in "Câmiu'd-Düvel", had become emir of Ankara after his father Devletşâh. But he was an unruly and cruel man. Sometimes joining the Karamanids he plundered the land of Osman (Osmân İli), sometimes allying with Kutlu Şâh he struck the Karaman land.
Hacı Kutlu Şâh's independence weighed heavily on the beys who favored the Eretnaoğulları, especially Hâce Alî Şâh and Dulkadiroğlu Halîl Bey, son of Karaca Bey, and each took a hostile stance against Hacı Kutlu Şâh.
The Karamanoğulları Süleyman and Alâ'eddîn Beys, while seeking allies from every side to rescue Konya, easily won these beys over and marched on Hacı Kutlu Şâh with all their strength.
Hacı Kutlu Şâh's aim, as understood from his actions, was to unite the Turks, among whom separate emirates had brought division, and to support the Ottoman Turks advancing westward in Europe.
What a pity that the great beys and aghas, looking only to their own interests, could not appreciate this aim, worked for Hacı Kutlu Şâh's defeat and calamity, and discouraged as much as they could even the beys who would help Hacı Kutlu Şâh.
For this reason the only one to help Hacı Kutlu Şâh was his eldest son Ahmed Şâh. It was certain that on the day his other son Şâdgeldi Paşa left Amasya, Alâ'eddîn Alî Bey, son of Halifetoğlu Süleyman Bey, would rise to seize Amasya.
His brother Gazânşâh, whom he had appointed, alleging fear of Samgaroğlu Hızır Bey, did not move from Kayseri and did not even send soldiers. Hacı Kutlu Şâh was left alone in every respect. Hacı Kutlu Şâh clashed with the Karamanids repeatedly. Sometimes he won, sometimes he was defeated.
Since his strength had diminished, he asked the beys for help. The only one who helped with all his strength was Şihâbeddîn Ahmed Şâh, emir of Sivas. Şâdgeldi Paşa and Kâbilîzâde Muhammed Paşa also sent soldiers from Amasya and Tokat.
Hacı Kutlu Şâh and his son Ahmed Şâh, with a last effort, fighting fiercely, were holding their positions. But Karamanoğlu Alâ'eddîn Bey, renewing his attack with new and important forces he had received, won the battle. Hacı Kutlu Şâh and his son were killed (762 [1361]).
Alâ'eddîn Bey, after rescuing Konya, marched on Kayseri. Forcing Gazânşâh, emir of Kayseri, and his son-in-law Mühezziboğlu Alameddîn Süleyman Bey to flee, he appointed Eretnazâde Muhammed Bey to the position of emir, brought him back and returned.
Müneccimbaşı Ahmed Efendi says in his work "Câmiu'd-Düvel": "Karamanzâde Alâ'eddîn Bey fought Ibn Kürd repeatedly. In the end he won and killed Ibn Kürd. He appointed Eretnazâde Muhammed Bey to the position of emir and brought him back."
Since Gazânşâh, his son-in-law and family members saw no possibility of returning to Amasya, they fled to Damascus. From there they went to Jerusalem and settled.
The death of Hacı Kutlu Şâh and his son had greatly pleased the Karamanids but had thrown the Eretnid lands into virtual confusion. It was a catastrophe especially for Amasya and drove Şâdgeldi Paşa's opponents to bloody actions.
Rejoicing at this victory, the Karamanids won over Bahtiyâr Bey, son of Devletşâh, at Ankara and set about plundering the land of Osman. For Orhan Bey, son of Osmân and emir of Bursa, had died in Rajab 761 [1360], and his son Hünkâr Murâd Bey had succeeded him.
Since Bahtiyâr Bey, who in Orhan Bey's time had disturbed the land of Osman time and again, followed the Karamanids and repeated his attacks, the famed Ottoman commander Sunkur Paşa came with a great force and besieged Ankara badly.
The people of Ankara, already weary of Bahtiyâr Bey's attacks, handed the castle over to Sunkur Paşa and swore allegiance to Murâd Bey. Bahtiyâr Bey fled with his son Kara Devletşâh to Amasya and took refuge with Şâdgeldi Paşa.
Halifetoğlu Alâ'eddîn Alî Bey, one of the notable emirs of Amasya, who had been waiting for an opportunity since his father's time, moved at the moment he heard that Hacı Kutlu Şâh had been killed. He placed himself at the head of the beys who helped him and rose to seize the emirate of Amasya.
For Gül Beyoğlu Alâ'eddîn Alî bin Muhammed and his brother Receb, Tuli Beyzâde İbrâhim, and the other İbrâhim Bey, son of Yağmur Bey, were partisans of Halifetzâde Alâ'eddîn Alî Bey. Taşanzâde Haydar Bey, emir of Köprü, and Sârımeddîn Ahmed Bey, emir of Osmâncık, also held to Alî Bey.
After finding so much strength, Alâ'eddîn Alî Bey rose, seized the emirate of Amasya and drove Şâdgeldi Paşa out of Amasya. For Şâdgeldi Paşa had sent the soldiers who would defend him to his father and had left Amasya undefended.
Notes and Research
Old Words in the Text
- şerîk-i ders, refîk-i irfân: classmate, companion on the path of knowledge
- afv ve setr: forgiving and covering faults
- halîm, mu'tedil: gentle-natured, moderate
- halûk: good-natured
- serkeş: headstrong, unbridled
- târâc etmek: to plunder
- i'lân-ı istiklâl: declaration of independence
- vaz'iyyet almak: to take a hostile stance
- muzâheret: support, help
- menkûb: struck by calamity
- der-miyân etmek: to put forward
- istimdâd: asking for help
- tecdîd-i savlet: renewing the attack
- maktûl: killed
- mu'ârız: opposed, one who objects
- iz'âc: disturbing
- bey'at: oath of allegiance
- a'yân-ı ümerâ: the notables among the emirs
Şadgeldi's Education and Circle
That Şadgeldi studied under Fahreddin İlyas in Amasya is repeated in present-day studies too. According to Mustafa Karabacak's study on Cemâleddin el-Aksarâyî, Aksarâyî also went to Amasya and took lessons from Fahreddin İlyas Rûmî, son of Cemâleddin İbrahim, and studied under the same teacher as Hacı Şadgeldi, who would rise to the emirate of Amasya. Hüsameddin gives the teacher's name as "son of Cemâl-i Aksârâyî", while Karabacak says "son of Cemâleddin İbrahim". The two may be the same person, but no record confirming this was found. According to the same study, when Şadgeldi became emir he brought Aksarâyî to the judgeship of Amasya and the professorship of the Dârülilim. Aksarâyî's question-and-answer commentary and hadith work el-Es'ile ve'l-Ecvibe was, according to its introduction, written in Persian for Şadgeldi and at his request, with the people of the region also in mind.
In Hüsameddin's footnote it is stated that in this work Şadgeldi is called "Seyfü'd-dünyâ ve'd-dîn". Karabacak, however, gives the name in the introduction as "Şemsüddin Ahmed el-Hac Şadgeldi Paşa" and writes the death date as 783 [1381]. The two titles differ. A paper dealing with Şadgeldi in both his political and scholarly aspects has also been written by Mehterhan Furkani.
Family Ties
According to Hüsameddin, Gazânşâh and Toganşâh are Şadgeldi's uncles. In Recep Orhan Özel's study on the history of Amasya through inscriptions, however, it is written that Hacı Kutlu Şah had three sons named Ahmed Şah, Şadgeldi and Bedreddin Gazan Şah, and that Şerefeddin Togan Şah was Kutlu Şah's brother and served as emir of Turhal. Whether Gazan Şah was a son or a brother diverges in these two accounts. In an English-language encyclopedia entry Şadgeldi appears as Hacı Kutlu Şah's second eldest son.
According to Özel's study, Kutlu Şah's mother was a daughter of Taceddin Altunbaş, and for this reason Şadgeldi is related to the Seljuks on his father's side.
The End of Hacı Kutlu Şah
Özel's study relates that the Karamanoğulları, disturbed by Kutlu Şah's growing influence, defeated and killed him and his son Ahmed Şah, and that Bedreddin Gazan Şah, emir of Kayseri, left Kayseri and fled to Jerusalem so as not to suffer his father's fate. This agrees with the details Hüsameddin gives. In Hüsameddin's footnote it is stated that Gazânşâh's son-in-law Süleyman Bey died in 771 [1369-70], that his wife Isfahân Hâtun (Gazânşâh's daughter) had a madrasa built there in 782 [1380-81], and that their biographies are in the work called el-Ünsü'l-Celîl, written on the history of Jerusalem; I could not verify this information from another source.
On the Karamanid side, according to Faruk Sümer's entry, Süleyman Bey was killed in 762 [1361] and Alâeddin Bey succeeded him. Alâeddin Bey added Konya permanently to Karamanid lands in 1366-1367. The person Hüsameddin refers to as "Karamanoğlu Alâ'eddîn Bey" is this Alâeddin Bey.
Bahtiyar Bey and Ankara
According to Halil İnalcık's entry on Murad I, Bahtiyar Bey, one of the emirs of Amasya, took advantage of Orhan Bey's death and took Ankara; after the Karamanoğlu Alâeddin put Eretnaoğlu Mehmed on the throne, he attacked Ottoman lands in alliance with Bahtiyar Bey, who ruled Ankara. Murad I set out in the spring of 1363, routed Eretna's Mongol units in the Eskişehir region, repelled the Karaman army, and thereupon the besieged Ankara ahis brought the keys of the castle and surrendered. İnalcık does not write that Bahtiyar Bey fled to Amasya and does not mention the name Sunkur Paşa; these two details Hüsameddin gives are not in that entry. For Orhan Bey's death Hüsameddin gives Rajab 761 [1360], while in the same entry it is written that the news of death reached Murad in Jumada al-awwal 763 [March 1362]; no record was found to explain the difference between the two dates. According to Hüsameddin's footnote, there is a mosque, soup kitchen and waqfs belonging to Sunkur Paşa in Yenişehir.
Şadgeldi's Return and End
According to an English-language encyclopedia entry, Alâeddin Ali Bey drove Şadgeldi out of Amasya in 1361. As related in Özel's study, Şadgeldi went to his uncle at Turhal and, after staying a while, gathered strength and took Amasya back; seeing Eretna's weakness he began to act independently in Amasya and added Osmancık Castle, İskilip and Sinop to his rule. The same entry records that Şadgeldi, who retook the administration a few months later, appointed Sirâceddin Muhammed, emir of Niksar, as vizier, Nizâmeddin Mahmud as kadiasker, Aksarâyî as judge of Amasya and Gümüşlüoğlu Hacı Sinan as treasurer. According to Kemal Göde's entry on the Eretnaoğulları, Şadgeldi is among the emirs named in the killing of the Eretnid Mehmed Bey in 1365. In Abdülkerim Özaydın's entry on Kadı Burhâneddin it is stated that in the autumn of 1381 Burhâneddin marched on Şadgeldi, defeated him and had him killed. According to Özel, Şadgeldi was killed at Tokat and buried in the Halifet Gazi Cemetery. His son Ahmed Bey took over the administration after his father's death. The end of the dynasty appears as 1393 in a compilation and as 1403 in a study that Özel relays; in Özel's own text it is written that Amasya came under Ottoman sovereignty in 1398. No source was found explaining the difference among these three dates.
The Şadgeldi Tomb
The Şadgeldi Tomb stands opposite the Halifet Gazi Tomb, southwest of the Kadılar Tomb. The structure was built in the 14th century, is rectangular in plan, of iwan type, with walls of cut stone and covered with a vault. According to Özel's study, the tomb also contains the graves of eight other people along with Şadgeldi. On Şadgeldi's cenotaph the expressions "emir, deceased, forgiven, fortunate, martyr, killed" and the name "Zeynü'l-Hâc Şadgeldi Paşa" can be read, and the date 783 [1381-82] is written on the foot stone. The same study also mentions that Mehmed b. İmâd b. Mehmed, who was in the judgeship of Amasya in Şadgeldi's time, had a fountain built in 779 [1377-78]. The name of the judge of Amasya Mevlânâ İmâd also occurs in Hüsameddin's volume 3; the relation of the two names is not explained in the sources I read.
Bibliography
Primary sources
- Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar, Amasya Tarihi, Amasya Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, 2022, vol. 3, p. 415–417. amasya.bel.tr
- Recep Orhan Özel, "Kitâbelerle Amasya Tarihi (11 ve 14. Yüzyıl)", Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları 13, Amasya Üniversitesi Yayınları, Ekim 2024.
Academic studies
- Mustafa Karabacak, "Cemâleddin el-Aksarâyî'nin Hadisçiliği: el-Es'ile ve'l-Ecvibe Örneği", Siirt Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 7/1, 2020, p. 11–35. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1162233
- Kemal Göde, "Eretnaoğulları", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/eretnaogullari
- Faruk Sümer, "Karamanoğulları", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/karamanogullari
- Halil İnalcık, "Murad I", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/murad-i
- Abdülkerim Özaydın, "Kadı Burhâneddin" (Kadı Burhâneddin Devleti bölümü), TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kadi-burhaneddin
- "Shadgeldi" maddesi, Wikipedia (İngilizce); İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı, "Sivas-Kayseri ve Dolaylarında Eretna Devleti", Belleten, 32/126, 1968, p. 161–190. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadgeldi
Official sources
Other sources