Hacı Kutlu Şâh'ın dedesi olduğundan üçüncü def'a olarak ikâmet eylediği Simre-i Havza'dan gelip 755 senesinde Amasya simresinde serîr-i Selçûk'a cülûs etdi. Bu def'asında müşârün-ileyh daha yaşlı idi. Şihâbeddîn Ahmed Şâh, Sivas vilâyeti kâ'im-makâmı, Hacı Kutlu Şâh'ın diğer mahdûmu Seyfeddîn Şâdgeldi Pâdişâh da beylerbeyi oldu.
Sultân Altunbaş'ın üçüncü cülûsunu isbât eden vesîka, müşârün-ileyhin ikinci vakfiyesiyle pederine âid evkâfın vakfiyesidir. Müşârün-ileyhin ikinci vakfiyesi "Evâhir-i şevvâl 756" târîhlidir. Bu vakfiyesinde de birinci vakfiyesinde mezkûr olan evsâf ve elkâb-ı sultâniyye aynen mestûrdur. Fazla olarak pederine âid vakfiyesinde "Velemmâ veffekallâhu sübhânehû ve ta'âlâ sâhibe's-sa'âdât es-sultâne'l-mezkûr" yazılıdır.
Gerek bâlâdaki evsâf-ı sultâniyye ve gerek şu ta'bîrât-ı şer'iyye delâlet ediyor ki Sultân Altunbaş-ı Selçûkî 756 şevvâlinde Amasya'da Selçûkiyye sultânı idi. Altunbaş'ın her hâlde cülûsu ve Konya'nın zabtı 755 senesinde vâki' olmuşdur. Bu vakfiyenin hâkimi de Mevlânâ İmâdeddîn Ömer Çelebi'dir.
Seyfeddîn Şâdgeldi Pâdişâh, Hacı Kutlu Şâh'ın ikinci mahdûmudur. Amasya'da Sultân Altunbaş'a âdât-ı Selçûkiyye üzere beylerbeyi olduğu münâsebetle müşârün-ileyhin bu unvânı kendisine alem olmuşdur. Kerîmezâdesi [53] olan Bâyezîd Paşa'nın vakfiyesinde bu unvânı mestûrdur.
Konyalılar, öteden beri Selçûkîler'e düşkünlerdi. Karamânlılar'ın mezâlim ve seyyi'âtından bîzâr oldukları münâsebetle Sultân Altunbaş'ın cülûsu, Hacı Kutlu Şâh'ın da güzel idâresi Konyalılar'ı meclûb etdi. Karaman ve Eretna oğullarını fevkalâde telâşa düşürdü. Çünkü Hacı Kutlu Şâh, bütün Anadolu'yu istîlâ edecek bir yararlık gösteriyordu.
Sultân Altunbaş'ın cülûsunu îcâb eden sebeb, yalnız Konyalılar'ın celbi değildi. Belki Eretna oğulları Muhammed ve Ca'fer Beyler'in ümerâsı ve tarafdârânı tarafından gösterilen muhâlefetler de birer âmil olmuşdu. Bundan dolayı bir tarafdan Karamânîler, diğer tarafdan Eretna oğullarının vezîri olan Hâce Ali Şâh ile Hacı Kutlu Şâh'ın muhâlifleri, Hacı Kutlu Şâh'ı mağlûb edecek çâreler arıyorlardı.
Lârende emîri Karamanoğlu Şücâ'aeddîn Süleyman Bey Konya'yı gayb etdiğinden dolayı pek ziyâde müte'essir olmuşdu. Konya'yı kurtarmak için bir tarafdan kuvvetlerini cem' ve tedârikâtını ikmâle çalışıyor, diğer tarafdan Kozan ve Ramazân oğullarını, Hacı Kutlu Şâh'ın muhâliflerini kendisine celb etmeye uğraşıyordu.
Hâce Alî Şâh'ın birâderi olan Hayreddîn Halîl Bey de Amasya'da bir fırka-i muhâlife uyardı. Ulemâdan Musliheddîn Mûsâ Çelebi ve tarafdârânıyla Halifet Gâzi oğlu Şücâ'eddîn Süleyman, Pervâne Beyzâde Alameddîn Süleyman, Gül Beyoğlu Alâ'eddîn Alî ve Receb Beyler ve bunların tarafdârları [54] muhâliflerin rü'esâsından olmuşlardı. Bunların başında Hâce Ali Şâh bulunuyordu.
Hulâsa Karamânoğlu Süleyman Bey, ma'iyyetine aldığı bir kuvve-i mühimme ve birâderi Alâ'eddîn Alî Bey'le Konya üzerine yürüdü. Hacı Kutlu Şâh ile mükerreren harb etdi. Bir yıl kadar savaşdıkdan sonra Hacı Kutlu Şâh'ı Konya'dan çıkarabildi. Sivas'a kadar ta'kîb etdi. Dönüp Kayseriyye'yi istîlâ etdi. Yanında bulunan Eretna Hânoğlu Nâsıreddîn Muhammed Bey'e Kayseriyye emâretini verip Lârende'ye geldi (757).
Müneccimbaşı el-Hâc Ahmed Efendi diyor ki: "Karaman emîri Süleyman Bey'le Sivas vâlîsi İbni Kürt arasında mükerreren muhârebeler oldu. Sonunda Süleyman Bey galebe çaldı. İbni Kürt firâr etdi. Süleyman Bey onu Sivas'a kadar ta'kîb ve Kayseriyye'yi istîlâ eyledi. Kayseriyye hükûmetini Muhammed Bey'e ve Konya vâlîliğini de birâderi Alâ'eddîn Alî Bey'e verdi".
Hacı Kutlu Şâh, bu inhizâm üzerine Konya'dan dönüp Sivas'a geldi. Fakat eski nüfûzunu gâ'ib etdiğinden muhâlifleri her tarafdan baş kaldırdı. Bunlardan Halifetoğlu Süleyman Bey Amasya'da kıyâm edib Amasya vilâyetini zabt, ammizâdesi Tuli Beyzâde İbrâhim Bey de Tokat emâretini istîlâ etdi.
In Modern English
Sultan Altunbaş, the grandfather of Hacı Kutlu Şâh, came from the Simre of Havza where he lived and, for the third time, in 755 [1354-55] ascended the Seljuk throne at the Simre of Amasya. This time the said sultan was older. Şihâbeddîn Ahmed Şâh became kaymakam of the province of Sivas, and Hacı Kutlu Şâh's other son Seyfeddîn Şâdgeldi Pâdişâh became beylerbeyi.
The documents proving that Sultan Altunbaş ascended the throne for the third time are the said person's second waqf deed and the waqf deed of the waqfs belonging to his father. The said person's second waqf deed is dated "the end of the month of Shawwal 756 [1355-56]". In this waqf deed too the qualities and sultanic titles mentioned in his first waqf deed are written exactly. In addition, in the waqf deed belonging to his father, the Arabic phrase meaning "when God, the Exalted, caused the said sultan, the fortunate, to reach success" is written.
Both the above sultanic qualities and these expressions in accordance with religious law show that Sultan Altunbaş, of Seljuk line, was the Seljuk sultan in Amasya in Shawwal 756. Altunbaş's accession and the seizure of Konya in any case took place in 755. The judge who gave judgment on this waqf deed was also Mevlânâ İmâdeddîn Ömer Çelebi.
Seyfeddîn Şâdgeldi Pâdişâh was Hacı Kutlu Şâh's second son. Since, in accordance with Seljuk custom, he was beylerbeyi beside Sultan Altunbaş in Amasya, this title became a personal name for him. This title is written in the waqf deed of Bâyezîd Pasha, his grandson through his daughter.
The people of Konya had been fond of the Seljuks from old. Since they were weary of the cruelties and evils of the Karamanids, Sultan Altunbaş's accession and Hacı Kutlu Şâh's good rule drew the people of Konya to him. It threw the sons of Karaman and Eretna into extreme alarm. For Hacı Kutlu Şâh was showing a bravery capable of seizing all of Anatolia.
The reason requiring Sultan Altunbaş's accession was not only the people of Konya's turning toward him. The oppositions shown by the emirs and partisans of Eretna's sons Muhammed and Ca'fer Beys had also been factors. For this reason, on one hand the Karamanids, and on the other Hâce Ali Şâh, vizier of Eretna's sons, and the opponents of Hacı Kutlu Şâh, were seeking means to defeat Hacı Kutlu Şâh.
Karamanoğlu Şücâ'eddîn Süleyman Bey, emir of Lârende [Karaman], was greatly grieved at having lost Konya. To recover Konya, on one hand he was trying to gather his forces and complete his preparations, and on the other to draw to his side the Kozan and Ramazan Oğulları, that is, Hacı Kutlu Şâh's opponents.
Hayreddîn Halîl Bey, brother of Hâce Alî Şâh, also formed an opposing group in Amasya. Among the scholars Musliheddîn Mûsâ Çelebi and his partisans, together with Şücâ'eddîn Süleyman, son of Halifet Gâzi, Pervâne Beyzâde Alameddîn Süleyman, Alâ'eddîn Alî, son of Gül Bey, and Receb Beys, and their partisans, had become the main men of the opposition. At their head was Hâce Ali Şâh.
In short, Karamanoğlu Süleyman Bey, taking an important force with him and his brother Alâ'eddîn Alî Bey, marched on Konya. He fought Hacı Kutlu Şâh repeatedly. After fighting about a year he was able to drive Hacı Kutlu Şâh out of Konya. He chased him as far as Sivas. Turning back he seized Kayseri. After giving the emirate of Kayseri to Nâsıreddîn Muhammed Bey, son of Eretna Khan, who was with him, he came to Lârende (757 [1356-57]).
Müneccimbaşı el-Hâc Ahmed Efendi says: "There were repeated wars between Süleyman Bey, emir of Karaman, and the governor of Sivas, Ibn Kürt. In the end Süleyman Bey won. Ibn Kürt fled. Süleyman Bey chased him as far as Sivas and seized Kayseri. He gave the administration of Kayseri to Muhammed Bey and the governorship of Konya to his brother Alâ'eddîn Alî Bey."
After this rout Hacı Kutlu Şâh returned from Konya and came to Sivas. But since he had lost his former influence, his opponents raised their heads from every side. Among them Halifetoğlu Süleyman Bey rose in Amasya and seized the province of Amasya, and his cousin Tuli Beyzâde İbrâhim Bey seized the emirate of Tokat.
Notes and Research
Old Words in the Text
- serîr-i Selçûk: the Seljuk throne
- cülûs: accession to the throne
- müşârün-ileyh: the person pointed to, the said person
- kâ'im-makâm: deputy, kaymakam
- beylerbeyi: chief of the beys; in Seljuk tradition the highest commander and administrator under the sultan
- vakfiye: waqf deed
- evsâf ve elkâb-ı sultâniyye: sultanic qualities and titles
- mestûr: written
- ta'bîrât-ı şer'iyye: expressions in accordance with religious law
- delâlet etmek: to show
- hâkim: here, the judge who gave judgment on the waqf deed
- mezâlim ve seyyi'ât: acts of tyranny and evils
- bîzâr: weary, fed up
- meclûb: drawn, attached to oneself
- fırka-i muhâlife: opposing group
- inhizâm: rout, defeat
- kıyâm: uprising
- ammizâde: cousin (son of a paternal uncle)
- simre: appears in the text as "Simre-i Havza" and "the Simre of Amasya"; from the usage it is understood to be said for a particular region or district
Who Was Sultan Altunbaş
In Doğan Koşan's article on Altunbaş's madrasa and tomb in Amasya, Taceddin Altunbaş is mentioned as the son of Gıyaseddin Mesud II, the last Anatolian Seljuk sultan. According to the article it is understood from the sultan's waqf deed that he ruled in and around Amasya as ruler of Simre. That is, the waqf deed on which Hüsameddin relies is also the basic document that present-day researchers consult.
On the death date and place of the grave, two accounts diverge. Hüsameddin writes in the next entry that Altunbaş died in 758 [1357-58] and was buried at the place known as "Gâzi Çelebi Grave" in the village of Şeyh Savcı. Koşan, however, relying on the waqf deed, puts his death in the year 1356-57 and states that the grave is in Umurbey Village of Havza, attached to Amasya. The article also says that the Taceddin Tomb in the center of Amasya was probably built in his name after the sultan's death. The tomb has an octagonal body on a square-plan base and, with its regular facing stones and chain (zencirek) motifs, bears the characteristics of 13th-century Seljuk tomb architecture. The madrasa adjoining it was partly uncovered in a rescue excavation in 1989. The plaque on it states that Altunbaş lies here, but there is no original inscription or cenotaph.
The tie between Hacı Kutlu Şah and Altunbaş is relayed close to Hüsameddin. In Recep Orhan Özel's study on the inscriptions of Amasya it is written that Şadgeldi's paternal grandmother, that is, Hacı Kutlu Şah's mother, was a daughter of Taceddin Altunbaş, and that for this reason Şadgeldi was counted a relative of the Seljuks through his father's side. That Altunbaş was Hacı Kutlu Şah's grandfather then means a grandfather on the mother's side. In a compilation describing the Kutluşahlar principality, however, Hacı Kutlu Şah appears as Altunbaş's slave and spiritual son; the basis of this account is not shown in that text. The same compilation states that the principality dominated Amasya and its surroundings between 1340 and 1393 and in the first period remained attached to the Eretna principality.
Özel's study also shows Altunbaş's earlier trace. According to the information based on Akdağ, it is understood from a waqf deed dated 1339-1340 that the Amasya and Sinop sides were under Altunbaş's administration. Hüsameddin's mentioning it to document Altunbaş's "third" accession suggests that he had held authority in this region earlier too. According to the same study Hacı Kutlu Şah came from Kayseri in 1347-1348 and became emir of Amasya.
The Situation on the Eretnid Side
"Muhammed and Ca'fer Beys" in the text are the sons of Alâeddin Eretna. According to Kemal Göde's entry on the Eretnaoğulları, when Eretna died in Kayseri in 1352 his sons Mehmed and Cafer began to quarrel for power. Mehmed Bey left the throne in 1354 and took refuge with the Karamanoğulları; Cafer Bey was brought out in his place. Mehmed Bey, defeating his brother in the Battle of Yalnızgöz in April 1355, took back the throne and then removed Hoca Ali Şah as well (1358). The entry records that Mehmed Bey was killed in Sivas in 1365 by statesmen such as Hacı Şadgeldi and Hacı İbrahim.
This sequence differs from Hüsameddin's. Hüsameddin, relying on Müneccimbaşı's Câmiu'd-Düvel, describes Mehmed Bey as one who came to the throne three times with Hacı Kutlu Şah's support, and Hâce Ali Şah as a vizier still in office around 760 [1359-60]. In Göde's entry it is written that Hoca Ali Şah was set aside in 1358. I could not find an additional source to resolve the difference. It is useful for the reader to take the years in this section as the sequence given by the sources Hüsameddin used.
The Karaman Side
In Faruk Sümer's entry on the Karamanoğulları it is written that Süleyman Bey, one of Halil Bey's sons, came to the head of the principality, and that after the death of Ebû Said Bahadır Khan Konya and Beyşehir were lost to the Eretnaoğulları. The same entry also says that Süleyman Bey was killed by his relatives in 762 [1361], that his brother Alâeddin Bey took his place, and that Konya was added to Karamanid lands in 1366-1367. In the entries I read there was no record that Hacı Kutlu Şah took and held Konya. For this reason the details of the Konya wars in the text rest only on Hüsameddin's account.
Confusion of Names
In this section there are many persons bearing the same name. The name Süleyman Bey is used both for Şücâ'eddîn Süleyman, son of Halifet Gazi, in Amasya, and for Şücâ'eddîn Süleyman in Karaman; the name Alâeddin Ali is also used for the Halifetoğlu in Amasya, the Karamanoğlu in Konya and the Eretnaoğlu in Sivas. These three Alâeddin Alis are separate persons.
Bibliography
Primary sources
- Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar, Amasya Tarihi, Amasya Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, 2022, vol. 3, p. 412–413. amasya.bel.tr
- Recep Orhan Özel, "Kitâbelerle Amasya Tarihi (11 ve 14. Yüzyıl)", Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları 13, Amasya Üniversitesi Yayınları, Ekim 2024.
Academic studies
Other sources