Esbak Amasya vâlîsi Bedreddîn Ebû Bekir bin Muhammed bin Hasan bin İltigin Gâzi'nin oğlu olup gerek yalancı peygamber vak'asında gerek Tatar muhârebesinde yararlığı görülmekle 641 evâ'ilinde Amasya vâlîsi olmuşdur. Fakat Amasya'da bulunan Sultân Gıyâseddîn Keyhusrev, bu inhizâmdan fevkalâde müte'essir ve Tatarlar'ın bütün memâlik-i Selçûkiyye'yi istîlâ etmelerinden gâyet me'yûs bir hâlde idi.
Sâhib-i a'zam Mühezzebeddîn Alî ve Amasya kadısı Fahreddîn Alî, sultân-ı müşârün-ileyhi tesliye ve bu mühimmi kendileri hüsn-i tesviye edeceklerini ta'ahhüd ederek merkez-i hükûmet-i Tatar olan Magan (Mogân) şehrine gidiyorlar, Geyük Hân'ın vâlidesi Türkinay Hâtun'a hediyelerini takdîm ederek günlerce mükâleme ediyorlar. Nihâyet hükûmet-i Selçûkiyye, tazmînât-ı harbiyye olmak üzere Tatarlar'a günde bin dînâr, bin keçi, bin inek, bin koyun i'tâ ve hükûmet-i Cengîziyye tarafından Anadolu'da ikâme edilecek bir nâzırın ma'âş ve ta'yînâtını her ay tesviye etmek üzere akd-i sulh etmekden başka çâre olmadığını anlıyorlardı. [383]
Hristiyânlığı İslâma tercîh eden Tatar hükümdârı Geyük Hân'ın zimâm-ı idâresi Hristiyân papazlarının ellerinde olduğu münâsebetle hükûmet-i Cengîziyye nâmına Hristiyânlığın İslâm aleyhinde şu tekâlîf-i anîfesi, Anadolu'da bir İslâm devleti olan hükûmet-i Selçûkiyye'nin nüfûzunu mahv ediyordu.³⁸⁶ Bunu idrâk eden murahhaslar Sultân Gıyâseddîn ile müzâkere-i keyfiyet etmek üzere 642'de avdet etdiler.
Esnâ-yı müzâkerede sâhib-i a'zam kemâl-i merâkından vefât etmekle yerine Şemseddîn Muhammed el-Isfahânî sâhib-i a'zam oluyor, bu teklîfâtın kabûlü müdebbirâne hareket edildiği takdîrde iktisâb-ı kudret edinceye kadar ahvâl-i dâhiliyyenin emniyyet ve sükûn dâ'iresinde cereyân edeceğine bir zamân telakkî ediliyor, nihâyet 642 senesi evâhirinde Şemseddîn el-Isfahânî, Fahreddîn el-Buhârî tekrâr Magân'a gidip akd-i sulh ediyorlardı.
İşte bu mu'âhede-i sulhiyyenin akdi 643 senesi muharremine müsâdif olup bu târîhden i'tibâren Anadolu'da kâ'in bütün memâlik-i Selçûkiyye Tatar hükümdârı Geyük Hân bin Oktay Hân bin Cengiz Hân'ın nüfûzuna [384] tâbi' bir kıt'a olduğu münâsebetle tarafından Baycu Noyin Anadolu nâzırı (vâlî-i umûmîsi) oldu. Ya'nî bu mu'âhede-i sulhiyye mûcibince Anadolu'da idâre-i hükûmet saltanat-ı Cengîziyye nâzırına intikâl etmekle 463 senesinden beri devâm eden saltanat-ı Selçûkiyye'nin nüfûzu 643 târîhinde hitâm buldu.
In Modern English
He was the son of Bedreddîn Ebû Bekir bin Muhammed bin Hasan bin İltigin Gazi, a former governor of Amasya. Because his usefulness was seen both in the affair of the false prophet and in the Tatar war, he became governor of Amasya in early 641 [1243]. But Sultan Gıyâseddîn Keyhusrev, who was in Amasya, was extremely affected by this defeat and was utterly hopeless that the Tatars would occupy the whole Seljuk country.
The sâhib-i a'zam Mühezzebeddîn Alî and Fahreddîn Alî, judge of Amasya, comforted the said sultan and, pledging that they would resolve this important matter well themselves, went to the city of Magan (Mogân), the centre of the Tatar government; they presented their gifts to Türkinay Hatun, mother of Güyük Han, and negotiated for days. In the end they understood that there was no remedy but to make peace, the Seljuk government giving the Tatars as war indemnity a thousand dinars, a thousand goats, a thousand cows and a thousand sheep a day, and paying every month the salary and expenses (ta'yînât) of a supervisor (nâzır) to be kept in Anatolia by the Genghisid government.
Since the administration of the Tatar ruler Güyük Han, who preferred Christianity to Islam, was in the hands of Christian priests, these heavy demands of Christianity against Islam in the name of the Genghisid government were destroying the influence of the Seljuk government, an Islamic state in Anatolia. Understanding this, the delegates (murahhas) returned in 642 [1244-45] to discuss the situation with Sultan Gıyâseddîn.
During the discussion the sâhib-i a'zam died of great anxiety, and Şemseddîn Muhammed el-Isfahânî became sâhib-i a'zam in his place. It was considered for a time that accepting these proposals, if one acted wisely, would keep internal affairs running in security and peace until strength was gained; in the end, at the end of 642 [1245], Şemseddîn el-Isfahânî and Fahreddîn el-Buhârî went again to Magan and made peace.
The making of this peace treaty falls in Muharrem 643 [1245]. From this date, since all the Seljuk lands in Anatolia had become a territory dependent on the influence of the Tatar ruler Güyük Han bin Ögeday Han bin Genghis Khan, Baycu Noyin became by his appointment nâzır (governor-general) of Anatolia. That is, under this peace treaty the administration of government in Anatolia passed to the nâzır of the Genghisid sultanate, and the influence of the Seljuk sultanate, which had continued since 463 [1070-71], ended in 643 [1245-46].
Notes and Research
Old Words in the Text
- sâbık: former, previous
- inhizâm: rout, defeat
- müte'essir: affected, distressed
- me'yûs: hopeless
- tesliye: comforting
- tazmînât-ı harbiyye: war indemnity
- nâzır: supervisor, an official who oversees
- ta'yînât: daily provisions and allowance
- akd-i sulh: making peace
- murahhas: representative, envoy
- tekâlîf-i anîfe: heavy, harsh obligations
- mu'âhede-i sulhiyye: peace treaty
- hitâm: end, conclusion
The Peace of 1243 and Amasya
After the defeat at Kösedağ the Seljuk state turned to the path of peace with the Mongols, and the chief envoy of this peace came from Amasya. Mühezzebeddin Ali, vizier of Sultan Gıyâseddin Keyhusrev, had fled to Amasya on the night of the defeat. To secure peace he went with the city's judge, with valuable gifts, to the Mugan encampment in Azerbaijan and met Baycu Noyan. Hüsameddin's account of the Magan journey and the accompaniment of the judge Fahreddin Ali agrees with this line. The terms of the treaty, however, are given differently. Where Hüsameddin writes a thousand dinars a day with a thousand goats, a thousand cows and a thousand sheep, the writings on Kösedağ give 3,600,000 dirhams annually, ten thousand sheep, a thousand cattle and a thousand camels; the entry on Keyhusrev says 360,000 dirhams annually. These figures vary according to the sources. According to Hüsameddin a meeting was held with Güyük Khan's mother; yet Güyük became khagan in 1246, and his mother Töregene had acted as regent before him. The relation of the name "Türkinay Hatun" that Hüsameddin gives to Töregene could not be verified in the sources examined.
Did the Seljuk Sultanate End in 643
Hüsameddin counts 643 [1245-46] as the end of the Seljuk sultanate. The writings on Kösedağ, on the other hand, treat the defeat of 1243 as the moment when the state lost its independence and fell into dependence on the Mongols. The Mongol tax grew gradually heavier and impoverished both the state and the people. The state itself did not cease to exist. When Keyhusrev II died in 1246, his eldest son İzzeddin Keykâvus II was placed on the throne. It is also recorded in the sources that Batu Khan sent Keyhusrev an arrow, a bow, a sword and a börk as a sign of dependence.
Trebizond and the Mongols
In a footnote Hüsameddin writes that Manu'el Komennus, king of Trebizond, who had been defeated in the affair of Isaac Komennus, incited Güyük Khan against the Seljuks through priests, and thereby both saved his own country from Mongol occupation and took revenge on the Seljuks. In the sources it is known that after Kösedağ the Komnenoi of Trebizond accepted Mongol vassalage and that Manuel developed good relations with the Mongols. The claim of incitement and its relation to Baba İshak's rout could not be verified.
Seyfeddîn Haydar
No information was found in any source other than Hüsameddin on Seyfeddîn Haydar Bey and his father Bedreddîn Ebû Bekir.
Bibliography
Primary sources
- Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar, Amasya Tarihi, Amasya Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, 2022, vol. 2, p. 351–351. amasya.bel.tr
Academic studies
Other sources