AMASYA 05

Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar · BİRİNCİ BÂB · ONUNCU FASIL · ÜÇÜNCÜ DEVRE-İ TÂRİHİYYE

Es-Seyyid Ali Pasha

Encyclopedia · History of Amasya, Volume 4, p. 548 • Edited by: Doç. Dr. Hicabi GÜLGEN

Original Text (Ottoman Turkish)

Amasyalıdır. İn’âm Beyzâde olup Hoca Ömer Efendi’nin akrabasındandır. 1030 senesi Şevvâlinin onuncu günü ikinci defa Amasya [35] mutasarrıfı oldu. Kendisi Karahisar-ı Şarkî’de ikâmet ve Amasya sancağını mütesellim ile idâre ederek tarafından Yörgüç Paşazâde Mustafa Bey Amasya mütesellimi oldu.

Zilhiccede Amasya Müftüsü Hızır Efendi terfî‘an Konya mollası olup, Sultân Bâyezîd Müderrisi Dursunzâde Mehmed Efendi Amasya müftüsü oldu. Bu sene Habeş Beylerbeyi Amasyalı Muhaşşî Sinan Efendizâde Mahmûd Paşa Habeşliler’in hücûmuyla şehîden vefât etdi.

1031 senesi muharreminin beşinde Galatasaray ulûfecilerinden onbirinci bölükte mukayyed sipâhi Sarı Ca’fer Ağa evkâf-ı Sultâniyye mütevellîsi olup geldi. Rebîülevvelde Lâdikli Tayyar Mehmed Paşa Sivas beylerbeyi olup tarafından birâderi Hüseyin Bey Sivas mütesellimi oldu. Kendisi de bir müddet sonra geldi.

Rebîülâhir gurresinde Amasyalı Himmetzâde el-Hâc Ramazân Efendi Amasya kadısı ve Kalavun Yûsuf Paşa Mar’aş vâlisi olmuşdu. Bu esnada İstanbul baş defterdâr vekîli Sandûkîzâde Abdülkerim Paşa, şıkk-ı sâni defterdârı Şengelzâde Hüseyin Efendi, matbah-ı âmire emîni Hacı Efendizâde İbrâhim Efendi.

Kezâlik İstanbul Kadısı Hocazâde Abdullah Efendi, reîsü’l-küttâb Lâ‘lî Ali Efendi, çavuşbaşı Hacı Beyzâde Mehmed Bey, sipâhiler ağası Haydar Ağa, Batum Beylerbeyi Hoca biraderi Ahmed Paşa Amasyalılardı. Bunlar Hâce-i Sultânî Ömer Efendi’nin uluvv-i himmeti sâyesinde bu mevkîlere yükselmişlerdi. [36]

Fakat Mutasarrıf es-Seyyid Ali Paşa’nın ve mütesellimi Mustafa Bey’in tecâvüzkârâne hareketlerinden Amasya ve Karahisar-ı Şarkî a‘yânı müştekîlerdi. Mütesellim Mustafa Bey, bütün harekâtının mes’ûliyeti, emri ve yeri Mutasarrıf Paşa’ya ait olduğunu iddia ederek ma‘zûr ve mecbûr olduğunu beyân etmekte idi.

1031 senesi recebinin dokuzuncu günü İkinci Sultân Osmân’ın acıklı bir surette hal‘ u katliyle Deli Sultân Mustafa’nın cülûsu hâilesinde Hâce-i Sultânî Ömer Efendi ile mahdûmu Abdullah Efendi ihtifâ eylediğinden Amasya sancağı Bolu Beyi Mustafa Bey’e tevcîh ve hareketi ta‘cîl edildi.

Our Research Article Editor: Mevlüt Erdem Öztürk

In Modern English

He was a native of Amasya. He was İn'âm Beyzâde and a relative of Hoca Ömer Efendi. On the tenth day of Şevval in 1030 [1621] he became mutasarrıf (governor) of Amasya for the second time. He himself resided in Karahisar-ı Şarkî and governed the sanjak of Amasya through a mütesellim (deputy governor); in his name Yörgüç Paşazâde Mustafa Bey became mütesellim of Amasya.

In the month of Zilhicce, Hızır Efendi, Mufti of Amasya, was promoted and became molla (chief kadı) of Konya; Dursunzâde Mehmed Efendi, müderris (madrasa professor) of the Sultan Bayezid, became mufti of Amasya. This year Mahmûd Pasha son of Muhaşşî Sinan Efendi, a native of Amasya and Beylerbeyi of Abyssinia (Habeş), died as a martyr in an attack by the Abyssinians.

On the fifth of Muharrem 1031 [1621–22], Sarı Ca'fer Ağa, a sipahi (cavalryman) registered in the eleventh company of the Galatasaray ulûfecis, came as mütevelli of the sultanic waqfs. In Rebîülevvel Tayyar Mehmed Pasha of Lâdik became beylerbeyi of Sivas; in his name his brother Hüseyin Bey became mütesellim of Sivas. He himself came after a while.

At the beginning of Rebîülâhir, Hacı Ramazân Efendi son of Himmet, a native of Amasya, had become kadı of Amasya, and Kalavun Yûsuf Pasha governor of Maraş. At this time Abdülkerim Pasha son of Sandûkî, deputy chief defterdar of Istanbul, the second defterdar Hüseyin Efendi son of Şengel, and İbrâhim Efendi son of Hacı Efendi, emin (steward) of the kitchen (matbah-ı âmire), were also natives of Amasya.

In the same way, the Kadı of Istanbul Abdullah Efendi son of Hoca, the reisülküttâb Lâ'lî Ali Efendi, the çavuşbaşı Mehmed Bey son of Hacı Bey, the sipahiler ağası Haydar Ağa, and Ahmed Pasha, brother of Hoca and Beylerbeyi of Batum, were also natives of Amasya. They had risen to these posts thanks to the lofty munificence of Ömer Efendi, the sultan's tutor.

But the notables of Amasya and Karahisar-ı Şarkî were complaining of the overbearing conduct of the mutasarrıf Seyyid Ali Pasha and his mütesellim Mustafa Bey. The mütesellim Mustafa Bey, for his part, declared that responsibility for all his actions, his orders and his post belonged to the Mutasarrıf Pasha, and that he himself was excused and compelled.

On the ninth day of Recep 1031, during the confusion of the pitiful deposition and killing of Osman II and the accession of Mustafa the Mad, because the sultan's tutor Ömer Efendi and his son Abdullah Efendi went into hiding, the sanjak of Amasya was given to Mustafa Bey, Bey of Bolu, and he was ordered to set out at once.

Notes and Research

Old Words in the Text

  • mutasarrıf: the official who holds and governs a sanjak
  • mütesellim: the deputy who governs the sanjak in the name of the sanjak bey
  • terfî'an: by promotion; mollâ: the high-ranking kadı of the great cities
  • ulûfeci: a kapıkulu cavalryman living on a quarterly salary
  • matbah-ı âmire emîni: the official who oversaw the expenses of the palace kitchen
  • reîsü'l-küttâb: head of the divan secretaries, the high official responsible for the state's correspondence and foreign relations
  • çavuşbaşı: head of the divan çavuşes (state messengers)
  • sipâhiler ağası: commander of the kapıkulu sipahi company
  • hâce-i sultânî: the sultan's tutor
  • uluvv-i himmet: lofty effort, generous patronage
  • tecâvüzkârâne: overstepping bounds, aggressively; müştekî: complaining
  • ma'zûr ve mecbûr: excused and compelled
  • hal' u katl: deposing and killing; hâile: catastrophe, terrible event
  • ihtifâ: hiding, going into concealment
  • ta'cîl: hurrying

Hoca Ömer Efendi and the Statesmen of Amasya

This entry is one of the pages that most clearly shows the weight of Amasya at the imperial center in the time of Osman II. Hüsameddin lists one by one the natives of Amasya serving in Istanbul at the same moment: the deputy chief defterdar Sandukîzâde Abdülkerim Pasha, the second defterdar Şengelzâde Hüseyin Efendi, the emin of the palace kitchen Hacı Efendizâde İbrâhim Efendi, the kadı of Istanbul Hocazâde Abdullah Efendi, the reisülküttap Lâ'lî Ali Efendi, the çavuşbaşı Hacı Beyzâde Mehmed Bey, the sipahiler ağası Haydar Ağa, and the beylerbeyi of Batum, Hoca's brother Ahmed Pasha. He ascribes all of this to the patronage of the sultan's tutor Ömer Efendi.

Ömer Efendi's influence is confirmed in other sources too. According to Feridun Emecen's entry on Osman II, after coming to the throne the young sultan restricted the powers of Şeyhülislam Esad Efendi, gave his tutor Ömer Efendi authority in appointments of the ulema and other matters, and in all these measures his advisers were Ömer Efendi and the Chief Black Eunuch (Dârüssaâde Ağası) Mustafa Ağa. The same entry also relates that Grand Vizier Ali Pasha for a time kept Ömer Efendi away from the sultan, and that after the pasha's sudden death Ömer Efendi regained standing. According to Murat Akgündüz, Ömer Efendi was granted the rank of şeyhülislam by Osman II and a share of the sultan's has (crown estates) in Sivas was assigned to him; even so, it was alleged that he took bribes from the people by using his title of sultan's tutor.

Hüsameddin gives Ömer Efendi's lineage in the biographical volumes, within the life of his brother Hoca Ahmed Pasha. According to it, the brothers are sons of Mehmed Efendi son of Abdurrahman Efendi, of the line of İğnecizâde Pîr Safiyyüddîn, one of the great Halveti figures whose tomb is a place of visitation in Amasya, and they are known as "İğnecizâde." After studying in Amasya with Türâbî Mustafa and İbrâhim Efendi of Harşena, Ahmed Pasha became müderris of the Atabeg Gâzi Madrasa; because his elder brother was the sultan's tutor and "counselor of the sultanate," he became defterdar of Sivas in Recep 1027, beylerbeyi of Karaman in 1028, defterdar of Aleppo with the sanjak of Teke in 1029, beylerbeyi of Batum in Rebîülevvel 1030 and of Trabzon in Muharrem 1031. This biography adds that with the catastrophe of Recep 1031 he was dismissed "because his brother's power had ended" and returned to Amasya, where he remained out of office for seven years. Ahmed Pasha rose again in later years, received Murad IV in his mansion when the sultan came to Amasya in 1045, and himself died in 1069 grieving over the confiscation of his property. According to Hüsameddin, Kâtib Çelebi called him "Hoca Pasha," while Naîmâ recorded the nickname "Kehleli" (the louse-ridden), pinned on him by his rivals because of his long unemployment.

The lives of the other two natives of Amasya named in the list also confirm this network of patronage in Hüsameddin's biographical volumes. The second defterdar Şengelzâde Hüseyin Efendi, a son of Sengel Ahmed Efendi, defterdar of Diyarbekir, rose from the clerkship of the Imperial Divan (Divan-ı Hümâyun). In the life of another defterdar from Amasya, Hüseyin Efendi, on the same page, it is written that he attached himself to Hoca Ömer Efendi, became muhasebeci (accountant) in 1028 and defterdar of Anatolia in 1031, but "in Recep 1031, upon the martyrdom of Osman II and the end of Hoca Ömer Efendi's prosperity," was dismissed and banished to Amasya, where he stayed in exile for about three years.

The Question of the Reisülküttap Lâ'lî Ali Efendi

Lâ'lî Ali Efendi, whom Hüsameddin mentions as reisülküttap, does not appear in the list reconstructed from archival documents for this office. According to Recep Ahıshalı's study based on the Rüus, Mühimme and Tahvil registers, Yaycızâde Küçük Hamza Efendi became reisülküttap for the fifth time on 3 Rebîülevvel 1029 (7 February 1620) and remained in this post until the end of Recep 1031 (June 1622). Ahıshalı also recalls that during campaigns the reisülküttaps went with the army and left deputies in their place at the center, which is why the lists contain confusions. In the preceding section Hüsameddin mentions Lâ'lî Ali Efendi as "kethüda of Ayşe Sultan." His reisülküttapship can be explained only as a deputyship or as a confusion in the sources Hüsameddin used; it could not be verified with the available documents.

Mahmûd Pasha son of Muhaşşî Sinan Efendi

Muhaşşî Sinan Efendi, named as the father of Mahmûd Pasha, who was killed while beylerbeyi of Abyssinia, is one of the best-known scholars Amasya produced in the sixteenth century. According to Eyyüp Said Kaya's encyclopedia entry, he was born in 893 (1488) in the village of Sonusa in the sanjak of Amasya (today Uluköy, attached to Erbaa), was called "Muhaşşî" because of the gloss (hâşiye) he wrote on Beyzâvî's Qur'an commentary, became kadı of Istanbul and kazasker (chief military judge) of Anatolia in 954 (1547), and died in Istanbul on 12 Safer 986 (20 April 1578). Hüsameddin's record calls for attention as to dates: it is possible for a man whose father died in 1578 to die in battle as beylerbeyi in 1030 (1621), but in that case Mahmûd Pasha must have been of advanced age. Kaya's entry does not mention Sinan Efendi's children; no information was found in other sources on Mahmûd Pasha and his death in Abyssinia.

Yörgüç Paşazâde Mustafa Bey and the Complaints

The Yörgüç Pasha family to which the mütesellim Mustafa Bey belonged is one of the oldest bey families of Amasya. According to Fahameddin Başar's encyclopedia entry, Yörgüç Pasha, who gave the family its name, came to Amasya in 1414 as lala (tutor) of Prince Murad, was made beylerbeyi of Rum by Murad II in 1423, and died in Zilhicce 845 (1442) and was buried in the tomb of the mosque he had built in Amasya. His mosque in Amasya stands today. In Hüsameddin's book it is seen that in the seventeenth century too this family mostly held the trusteeship of the Yörgüç Pasha waqf and that sanjak beys and beylerbeyis came from the family. No information was found, apart from Hüsameddin, on the Mustafa Bey mentioned in the entry.

Hüsameddin writes that Seyyid Ali Pasha governed Amasya from Karahisar-ı Şarkî through a deputy, that the notables of Amasya and Karahisar complained of both the pasha and the mütesellim, and that the mütesellim placed all responsibility on the pasha. This short record well describes an arrangement, in the era when sanjaks were governed at a distance through deputies, in which the people did not know whom to complain to. Seyyid Ali Pasha's later attitude is also noteworthy: in the next entry it will be seen that the pasha, having lost Amasya, joined the revolt of Abaza Mehmed Pasha.

The End of Osman II and Ömer Efendi's Hiding

The event Hüsameddin calls "a pitiful deposition and killing" is the dethronement and murder of Osman II in 1622. According to Emecen's entry, the ulema, whose arpalıks (stipends in the form of revenue assignments) had been cut and who were being squeezed, and the janissaries, anxious about the future of their corps, joined forces; the rebels first demanded the execution of the Chief Black Eunuch Süleyman Ağa and Hoca Ömer Efendi, on the claim that they had urged the sultan to all these measures, and Osman II did not accept this demand. Avni Erdemir's study of Osman II's poems also relates that the rebels demanded the execution of his tutor Ömer Efendi, Süleyman Ağa, Dilaver Pasha, Deputy Hâfız Ahmed Pasha, Defterdar Bâkî Pasha and Nasuh Ağa, whom they believed had misled the sultan. According to the same study, a dream interpreted by Ömer Efendi also had a part in the sultan's decision to go on pilgrimage. According to the entry on Mustafa I, the rebels entered the palace on 8 Recep 1031 (19 May 1622) and put Mustafa on the throne again.

The sources differ on Ömer Efendi's end. Some sources write that he was killed during the Hâile-i Osmâniyye (the Osmanic catastrophe). Akgündüz, however, gives his date of death as 1630. Hüsameddin's record that "Ömer Efendi and his son Abdullah Efendi went into hiding" supports the view that the tutor was not killed immediately in the revolt. In the next entry it will be seen that the anger provoked in the provinces by the killing of Osman II turned into a great revolt that also embraced Amasya.

Other Records

The life of Hüseyin Bey, the brother whom Tayyar Mehmed Pasha, beylerbeyi of Sivas, left in his place as mütesellim of Sivas, is given in Hüsameddin's biographical volumes: Hüseyin Bey had become voyvoda of Lâdik in his father's lifetime, served as kaymakam (deputy) and mütesellim during his brother's governorship of Sivas, became sanjak bey of Canik in 1041, and fell as a martyr in the assault on the fortress of Revan in 1045. According to Abdülkadir Özcan's encyclopedia entry too, Tayyar Mehmed Pasha's beylerbeyilik of Sivas is placed in Şevval 1031 (August 1622); there is thus a difference of a few months from Hüsameddin's Rebîülevvel record.

The dates of Dursunzâde Mehmed Efendi, who was made mufti, and of Cumâzâde Hızır Efendi, who became molla of Konya, do not fully coincide with Hüsameddin's own biographical volumes. In the biography Hızır Efendi's mollaship of Konya is placed in Zilhicce 1032. In the biography of Himmetzâde Hacı Ramazân Efendi, who was made kadı of Amasya, it is written that his first kadıship of Amasya was in 1039, that he became kadı of Amasya a second time in 1050 and molla of Sivas in 1057; the 1031 record in this entry does not occur there.

No information was found in sources other than Hüsameddin on Sarı Ca'fer Ağa, Hacı Efendizâde İbrâhim Efendi, Hocazâde Abdullah Efendi, the çavuşbaşı Hacı Beyzâde Mehmed Bey and the sipahiler ağası Haydar Ağa.

Bibliography

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