AMASYA 05

Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar · BİRİNCİ BÂB · ONUNCU FASIL · ÜÇÜNCÜ DEVRE-İ TÂRİHİYYE

Mehmed Bey (son of Deli Zülfikâr)

Encyclopedia · History of Amasya, Volume 4, p. 546 • Edited by: Doç. Dr. Hicabi GÜLGEN

Original Text (Ottoman Turkish)

Amasyalıdır. Vüzerâdan Deli Zülfikâr Paşa’nın mahdûmudur. 1026 [30] senesi saferinin on üçüncü günü Amasya sancağı beyi olup geldi. Kethüdâyeri Bağdatlı Mahmûd Ağa ve şehir kethüdâsı el-Hâc Mustafa Ağa idi. Şa’bânında İn’âm Beyzâde es-Seyyid Ali Ağa kethüdâyeri ve el-Hâc Osmân Ağa şehir kethüdâsı oldu.

1026 zilka’desinin on üçüncü günü Birinci Sultân Ahmed vefât eylediğinden Osmanlı tahtına birâderi Birinci Sultân Mustafa Hân oturdu. Amasyalı Evliyâ Mehmed Efendi imâm-ı sultânî olup kaldı.

1027 senesi muharreminin evâilinde Köprü kasabasının medâr-ı iftihârı meşâhir-i sulehâ ve ulemâdan Şeyh Mehmed Çelebi Efendi vefât etdi. Oturduğu mahalleye “Şeyh Mahallesi” dendi. Yerine Ayasofya Medresesi’nde ikmâl-i tahsîl eden halîfesi Köprülü Şeyh Ahmed Efendi bin Yûsuf geçti.

Rebîülevvel gurresinde Birinci Sultân Mustafa’nın deliliği sabit olduğundan hal’iyle Birinci Sultân Ahmed’in şehzâdesi İkinci Sultân Osmân Hân Osmanlı pâdişâhı, Amasyalı Ömer Efendi kazaskerlik pâyesiyle muallim-i sultânî, diğer Amasyalı Evliyâ Mehmed Efendi de yine imâm-ı sultânî oldu.

Rebîülevvelin ortalarında Seydî Beyzâde Mustafa Bey Amasya alaybeyi, rebîülâhir gurresinde Hamzazâde Mustafa Efendi Amasya kadısı oldu. Bir hafta sonra Amasya müftüsü Abdülkerim Efendi İstanbul’a gidip yerine müftü-i esbak Abdullah Efendi Amasya [31] müftüsü ve müftü-i sâbık Dursunzâde Mehmed Efendi de Sultân Bâyezîd müderrisi oldu.

Cumâdelûlâda Kağnılı Ali Ağazâde Aydın Ağa kethüdâyeri ve cumâdelâhirenin yirmi birinde Amasya Beyi Mehmed Bey Bağdat’a me’mûr olduğundan kethüdâyeri Aydın Ağa Amasya mütesellimi oldu. Recebde Amasya sancağı Divriği Beyi Mehmed Bey’e tevcîh edildi.

Our Research Article Editor: Mevlüt Erdem Öztürk

In Modern English

He was from Amasya. He was the son of the vizier Deli Zülfikâr Pasha. On the thirteenth day of Safer 1026 [1617] he came as sanjak governor of Amasya. His steward (kâhya) was Bağdatlı Mahmûd Ağa, and the city steward was Hacı Mustafa Ağa. In the month of Şaban İn'âm Beyzâde Seyyid Ali Ağa became steward of the sanjak governor, and Hacı Osman Ağa became city steward.

Since Sultan Ahmed I died on the thirteenth day of Zilkade 1026, his brother Sultan Mustafa Han I sat on the Ottoman throne. Evliyâ Mehmed Efendi of Amasya remained in his post as the sultan's imam.

At the beginning of Muharrem 1027 [1617–18], Sheikh Mehmed Çelebi Efendi, the pride of the town of Köprü and one of its famous righteous men and scholars, died. The neighborhood where he lived was called "Şeyh Mahallesi" (Sheikh's Quarter). In his place came his caliph (halife), Köprülü Şeyh Ahmed Efendi son of Yûsuf, who had completed his studies at the Hagia Sophia Madrasa.

At the beginning of Rebîülevvel, since the mental illness of Sultan Mustafa I had become certain and he was removed from the throne, Sultan Osman Han II, son of Sultan Ahmed I, became the Ottoman sultan. Ömer Efendi of Amasya became the sultan's tutor with the rank of kazasker, and the other man of Amasya, Evliyâ Mehmed Efendi, again became the sultan's imam.

In the middle of Rebîülevvel, Seydî Beyzâde Mustafa Bey became alaybeyi of Amasya, and at the beginning of Rebîülâhir Hamzazâde Mustafa Efendi became kadı of Amasya. A week later the mufti of Amasya, Abdülkerim Efendi, went to Istanbul; in his place the former mufti Abdullah Efendi became mufti of Amasya, and Dursunzâde Mehmed Efendi, one of the earlier muftis, became professor of the Sultan Bayezid Madrasa.

In the month of Cemâziyelevvel, Kağnılı Ali Ağazâde Aydın Ağa became steward of the sanjak governor. On the twenty-first of Cemâziyelâhir, since Mehmed Bey, Bey of Amasya, was assigned to Baghdad, his steward Aydın Ağa became mütesellim of Amasya (the deputy who governs the sanjak in place of the sanjak governor). In Receb the sanjak of Amasya was given to Mehmed Bey, Bey of Divriği.

Notes and Research

Old Words in the Text

  • mahdûm: son
  • vüzerâ: viziers
  • kethüdâyeri: steward, deputy of the sanjak governor
  • şehir kethüdâsı: the steward who looked after the affairs of the townspeople and represented the notables
  • alaybeyi: commander of the timar-holding sipahis in a sanjak
  • mütesellim: the deputy who governed the sanjak when the sanjak governor was absent
  • imâm-ı sultânî: the sultan's imam
  • muallim-i sultânî: the sultan's tutor
  • kazaskerlik pâyesi: the rank of kazasker given without the office of kazasker
  • medâr-ı iftihâr: source of pride; meşâhir-i sulehâ: famous righteous men
  • halîfe: a disciple in a Sufi order who has been authorized to succeed the sheikh
  • hal': removal from the throne
  • müftü-i esbak, müftü-i sâbık: former mufti
  • evâil: the first days of the month; gurre: the first day of the month
  • tevcîh: the granting of an office or sanjak to someone

His Father Deli Zülfikâr and the Celali Years

Hüsameddin introduces this bey only as "the son of the vizier Deli Zülfikâr Pasha". Who the father was can be understood from the Celali disturbances told in the preceding section of the book. There Deli Zülfikâr appears as a rebel chieftain who marched on Amasya with more than eight thousand horsemen and foot soldiers, pitched tents at the Kaynar locality outside the city, and for about three months contended with the townspeople. According to Hüsameddin, on the fifth of Receb 1011 [1602] his men forced their way into the city from the Ziyâre side, burned the Aşağıpazar quarter, and the people took their women and children up to the Upper Castle. The following year, when Nasûh Pasha, beylerbeyi of Sivas, came to Amasya and met the notables of the region, and through the mediation of the ulema of Amasya, among whom were the efendis Dursunzâde Mehmed and Cumâzâde Hızır, Deli Zülfikâr submitted and was appointed, with promotion, to the beylerbeyilik of Karahisar-ı Şarkî. In this period, when the state sought to disperse the Celali chieftains by granting beylerbeyiliks and sanjak governorships, it is not surprising that a rebel rose within a few years to be called "vizier".

Studies on the Celali revolts also know this name. In Müctebâ İlgürel's article on Karayazıcı Abdülhalîm, "Deli Zülfikar of Amasya" is counted, along with his brother Deli Hasan, among the Celali leaders who gathered around Karayazıcı as his fame grew. Ensar Köse's article on the Muslu Çavuş rebellion in İçel speaks of a Zülfikar Pasha who was beylerbeyi of Karaman in 1608–1609. This pasha, called "Beylerbeyi of Karaman Deli Zülfikar Pasha" in a letter transmitted by Kâtib Çelebi, on the order of Kuyucu Murad Pasha first drew Muslu Çavuş to his side with a show of friendship and then had him strangled in the Meram vineyards in Konya. Ömer İşbilir's entry on Kuyucu Murad Pasha also records that in 1607 "Zülfikar Pasha, Beylerbeyi of Maraş, a former Celali" joined the army marching against Canbolatoğlu. It is highly probable that the Deli Zülfikâr in these sources is the same person as Hüsameddin's Deli Zülfikâr of Amasya; however, none of the sources we read makes this link explicitly.

Among the Sanjaks of the Province of Rum

At the end of the previous entry Hüsameddin writes that the sanjak of Amasya was given in Safer 1026 to "Mehmed Bey, Bey of Bozok"; that is, Deli Zülfikâr's son came to Amasya from Bozok. After he leaves office, the sanjak this time is given to the Bey of Divriği. According to research on the Rum province, from the last quarter of the sixteenth century this province consisted of seven sanjaks, Sivas, Amasya, Bozok, Çorum, Arapkir, Divriği and Canik, and this division was kept in the seventeenth century as well. The beys in this entry passing between the sanjaks of the same province is a reflection of this arrangement. From the middle of the seventeenth century the name of the province would begin to be used as the province of Sivas.

That, while the bey was sent to Baghdad, the sanjak was run by proxy by his steward Aydın Ağa is an example of the mütesellim practice frequently seen in this century. Aydın Ağa's later life is told separately in Hüsameddin's biography volumes: Kağnılızâde Aydın, son of Kağnılı Hacı Ali Ağa, fought the Karayazıcı bandits in his youth, fled to Egypt because he had offended Nasûh Pasha, Governor of Sivas, came to Istanbul at the accession of Osman II and attached himself to Hoca Ömer Efendi. On the killing of the sultan in 1031 he returned to Amasya and joined the ranks of Abaza Mehmed Pasha; this name appears again in the entry numbered 4-15.

Changes on the Throne

The two changes on the throne in the text are well-known events of Ottoman history. According to Feridun Emecen's encyclopedia entry on Mustafa I, after the unexpected death of Ahmed I at a young age, the placing of his brother Mustafa on the throne while his eldest son Osman lived came about through the initiative of Şeyhülislam Hocazâde Esad Efendi and Deputy Grand Vizier Sofu Mehmed Pasha, and was criticized as a departure from the tradition of succession passing from father to son. Mustafa sat on the throne on 23 Zilkade 1026 (22 November 1617), and on 1 Rebîülevvel 1027 (26 February 1618) he was removed from the throne on the basis of a ruling that, because of his mental state, he could not legitimately (şer'an) be sultan, and Osman II took his place. Hüsameddin's "the first of Rebîülevvel" for Osman II's accession agrees exactly with this date. He gives the death of Ahmed I as the thirteenth day of Zilkade; the encyclopedia entry we read does not state the day of death separately, and only places Mustafa's accession ten days later, on 23 Zilkade. The reason for the difference cannot be understood from these sources. Emecen notes that Mustafa's mental weakness was cited as the ground for his removal and that the historians of the time described his strange behavior in detail; Hüsameddin's expression "since his madness was proven" accords with these records.

Two Men of Amasya in the Palace: Evliyâ Mehmed Efendi and Ömer Efendi

Hüsameddin narrates in the previous entry how Evliyâ Mehmed Efendi, referred to as the sultan's imam, came to this post: upon the death of Horpeşteli Mustafa Efendi, imam of Ahmed I, Babazâde Evliyâ Mehmed Efendi of Amasya, the "şeyhü'l-kurrâ" known in Istanbul for his beautiful voice, knowledge and piety, was raised to this office. Murat Akgündüz's article on the sultans' imams also writes that he was appointed imam of Ahmed I in Zilhicce 1025 (December 1616), that he was among the masters of his time in the science of Quran recitation, and that he taught his students in the window on the inner face of the Hünkâr Kapısı (Sultan's Gate) in Hagia Sophia. According to the same article, as imam of Murad IV he took part in the 1635 Revan campaign, fell ill on the way and returned to Istanbul, and died in 1045 (1636). Thus Evliyâ Mehmed Efendi served as imam to four sultans: Ahmed I, Mustafa I, Osman II and Murad IV.

This imam's fame is greater still through one of his students. According to Müctebâ İlgürel's entry on Evliya Çelebi, the famous traveler took Quran-memorization lessons from his teacher Evliya Mehmed Efendi, and the name "Evliya Çelebi" was probably given to him in reference to this teacher. The traveler also relates that before setting out on his 1671 pilgrimage he saw this teacher together with his father in a dream.

Ömer Efendi of Amasya, tutor of the sultan with the rank of kazasker, was one of the most influential persons of the age of Osman II. In Akgündüz's other article on the sultans' tutors, it is written that Ömer Efendi (d. 1630) taught Osman II and his brother Murad and that Osman II gave him the rank of şeyhülislam. Emecen's entry on Osman II also records that the young sultan restricted the powers of Şeyhülislam Esad Efendi and made his tutor Ömer Efendi the authority in the appointments of the ulema. The rise of men of Amasya to many high posts in this period in Hüsameddin's later entries is explained by Ömer Efendi's influence.

What Could Not Be Found

Hüsameddin also mentions Şeyh Mehmed Çelebi, who died in the town of Köprü (today's Vezirköprü), in the pages where he describes the districts of Amasya in the same years: after listing Köprü's voyvoda, kadı and mufti, he writes that the "kutb" of the town was Köprülü Şeyh Mehmed Çelebi Efendi, one of the caliphs of Gökderelizâde Şeyh Muhyiddîn Efendi. On this sheikh, his caliph Köprülü Şeyh Ahmed Efendi, and the Şeyh Mahallesi in the town named after him, no information was found in sources other than Hüsameddin. No separate record was found either for the life of Mehmed Bey, son of Deli Zülfikâr Pasha, outside his governorship of Bozok and Amasya.

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