Amasya ümerâsından Halifet Gâzi birâderi Emîr Bedreddîn İbrâhim Bey bin Tuli Bey bin Türkan Şâh bin Güdül Bey'in mahdûmu Hâbil Bey'in evlâdından Emîr Şeyh İzzeddîn Hasan Bey'in oğludur. Hemşîresi Suli Paşa Hâtun, Eretna Bey'in zevcesidir. Kendisine "Hâbil Oğlu" denmişdir. Halifet Gâzi evlâdının ammizâdelerindendir.
Millet Kütübhânesi'nde mevcûd olup bu kütübhâneyi ihyâ eden merhûm Ali Emîrî Bey'in elinde gördüğüm hulâsa-i vekâyi'-i târîhiyyeyi hâvî bir risâle-i mühimmede "Feth-i Amasya der-dest-i Veled-i Hâbil sene 742" yazılıdır. Şu hulâsa-i târîhiyye gösteriyor ki Amasya, Hâbil Oğlu yedinde 742 senesinde feth ve tahlîs edilmişdir.
742 senesinde Hâbil Oğlu'nun Zeyneddîn Tuli olduğunu hafîdi Emîr Kemâleddîn Kâmil bin Tâceddîn İbrâhim Ahî Tayı bin emîr-i kebîr Zeyneddîn Tuli Bey'in 791 târîhli vakfiyesi göstermekdedir. Kâmil Bey'in birâderi Emîr Celâleddîn Hâbil Bey 798 senesinde Amasya ricâlinden idi. Tokat'da "Ahî Tayı Zâviyesi" vakfı ve Amasya'da "Hâbilzâde Sülâlesi" meşhûrdur. [34]
Emîr Timurtaş oğlu Şeyh Hasan Bey, Amasya vilâyetinin zayâ'ına pek ziyâde te'essüf etmiş, Eretna Bey'le harb etmeye karâr vermiş idi. Ancak büyük rakîbi ve düşmanı olan Irâk vâlîsi Şeyh Hasan-ı Kebîr'in ve Cihân Timur Hân'ın tecâvüzâtından emîn değildi.
Nihâyet "Câmiu'd-Düvel"de tafsîl edildiği üzere birâderi Melik Eşref Hân'ı, Cihân Timur Hân üzerine ve sonra tertîb etdiği büyük bir orduyu da ser-askeri Hacı Ya'kûb Şâh ile Süleyman Hân'a refîk ederek Eretna Hân üzerine gönderdi. Eretna Hân da bütün kuvvetiyle karşıladı.
Ancak Hacı Ya'kûb Şâh, Amasyalı bir vatan-perverdi. Kendi vatanını Moğol nüfûzundan kurtarmak için yıllarca mücâhedeler etmişdi. Küçük Şeyh Hasan Bey'in Eretna Hân'a galebesi Anadolu'da Moğol ve Tatar eşirrâsının tekrâr zulüm ve sitemlerini, nüfûz-ı cebbârânelerini diriltebilirdi. Pek muhtemeldir ki Hacı Ya'kûb Şâh bunları düşündü, Eretna Hân ordusu erkânından olan Amasya beyleri tarafından celb ve istimâle edildi.
Hulâsa "Câmiu'd-Düvel"in zabtı üzere Hacı Ya'kûb Şâh ve Süleyman Hân ile Eretna Hân orduları Sivas ile Erzincân arasında kâ'in "Egribük" denilen ovada birbirine mukâbil mevki'ler aldılar. Kanlı bir muhârebeye girdiler.
Eretna Hân ve Türk beyleri, 744 senesi cumadelâhirinin on dördüncü perşembe gününde Süleyman Hân'ı ve Moğol sürülerini tepelediler. Kat'î bir galebe-i kâmile elde ederek Moğol nüfûzunu Anadolu'dan silip süpürdüler. Şeyh Hasan Bey'e karşı pek müşkil bir mevki'de kaldı.⁴⁷⁵ [35]
Ayasofya Kütübhânesi'nde 1006 numarada bulunan bir risâlede şöyle muharrerdir: "Münhezim-şoden-i Süleyman Hân ez-Ertena⁴⁷⁶ der-Egirbük⁴⁷⁷ rûz-ı hamîs çehârdehüm mâh-ı cumadelâhir sene erba'in ve erba'îne ve seb'i-mi'e der-fasl-ı harîf." "Ikdu'l-Cümân", "A'yânu'l-Asr", "Kitâbü's-Sülûk"da aynı târîh ile mazbûtdur.
Görülüyor ki bütün Türkler ve Arab müverrihleri Eretna Hân'ın galebesini dikkatle kayd ederek bu galebenin Türkler ve Anadolu için pek mühim olduğunu anlatmış oluyorlar. Çünkü Çoban Oğulları'nın galebesi, Anadolu Türkleri için felâket olacakdı. Hacı Ya'kûb Şâh bu felâketin müsebbibi olarak tel'în edilecekdi.
Müneccimbaşı "Câmiu'd-Düvel"inde diyor ki: "Emîr Timurtaş oğlu Şeyh Hasan-ı Sagîr, ordusunun bozulduğuna pek ziyâde cânı sıkıldı, düşmana karşı müsâhele ve mümâşât etdiğine kanâ'at getirdiği Hacı Ya'kûb Şâh'ı 744 senesinde muhârebeden avdetinde i'dâm etdirdi. Hacı Ya'kûb Şâh'ın ta'allukâtından olan zevcesi İzzet Melik Hâtun da⁴⁷⁸ Şeyh Hasan-ı Sagîr'i sarhoş bir hâlde yatarken sene-i mezbûre recebinin yirmi yedinci salı gecesi câriyelerine boğdurdu".[36]
Eretna Bey, bu galebe-i kâmile üzerine büyük bir nüfûz ve haysiyet kazandı. Kendisine "Sultân Reşîdeddîn Eretna Hân" dedirdi. Amasyalı Kutlu Begzâde Hâce Alâ'eddîn Ali Şâh'ı vezîr, "Ahmed Yegâne" nâmıyla ma'rûf olan Mevlânâ Şemseddîn Ahmed bin Yûsuf bin Ahmed el-Muhâcirî'yi⁴⁷⁹ kazasker⁴⁸⁰ nasb etdi.
Egribük muhârebesinde fedâ-yı cân eden Kayseriyye emîri Kürt Bey yerine mahdûmu Nûreddîn Kutlu Şâh geçdi. Çünkü bu muhârebede en büyük yararlıklar, fedâkârlıklar göstermişdi. Amasya vâlîsi Tuli Bey de Kutlu Şâh'dan ziyâde çalışmış, zaferin avâmilinden olmuşdu.
Sultân Eretna Hân'ın nüfûz ve şevketini artıran avâmilden biri de Küçük Şeyh Hasan'ın mahnûkan vefâtıyla Çoban Oğulları'nın arasına giren rekâbet ve nifâk idi. Sultân Eretna, bu rekâbeti tezyîd etmek için Küçük Şeyh Hasan Bey'in Karahisâr-ı Şarkî kalesine habs etdirdiği amcaları Sayurgân ve Yagı Bastı Beyler'i Bayrâmşâh'a ıtlâk etdirdi.
Müneccimbaşı Ahmed Efendi "Câmiu'd-Düvel"inde diyor ki: "Küçük Şeyh Hasan'ın vefâtında Sultân Süleyman Hân, ordunun başına geçdi. Âzerbaycân hükümdârı olup Karabâğ'da oturmuşdu. Emîr Çoban [37] Oğulları Sayurgan ve Yagı Bastı Beyler Karahisâr-ı Şarkî mahbesinden kurtuldukları anda Tebrîz'e gitdiler. Şeyh Hasan'ın birâderi Melik Eşref Hân ile birleşdiler. Süleyman Hân üzerine Karabâğ'a doğru yürüdüler".
Süleyman Hân'ın ma'iyyeti bunların gelmesinden haberdâr oldukları anda Süleyman Hân'ın yanından dağıldılar. Yalnız kalan Süleyman Hân Diyârbekir'e gitdi. Çoban Oğulları Şeyh Hasan'ın bırakdığı bilâdı istîlâ etdiler. Sonra Melik Eşref Hân ile amcalarının araları bozuldu. Kanlı muhârebelerden sonra Melik Eşref Hân amcalarına galebe etdi. Onları kesip Tebrîz'de i'lân-ı istiklâl eyledi. Buna "Eşek Eşref" denirdi.
Sultân Eretna Hân, Çobânîler arasına bu fitneyi koydukdan sonra kemâl-i huzûr ve emniyetle Anadolu'da istiklâline engel gördüğü ümerâyı cebren kendisine inkıyâd etdirdi. Nüfûzu Karahisâr-ı Şarkî, Canik, Erzincân vilâyetlerine de cârî oldu. Tokat emîri Mühezzebeddîn Ulu Bey'i kaldırdı. Tokat'ı Amasya emîri Zeyneddîn Tuli Bey'in uhdesine verdi.
Zeyneddîn Tuli Bey, nüfûz ve iktidâr-ı askerî i'tibâriyle eniştesi Sultân Eretna Hân derecesinde bir emîr-i mu'azzamdı. Kendisi Amasya'da ikâmet edib Tokat'a kendi tarafından mahdûmu Tâceddîn İbrâhim Bey'i emîr nasb ve irsâl etmişdi. Kendisine "Tuli Sultân" ve "Tuli Hân" denirdi. Bununla beraber Sultân Eretna Hân'a inkıyâd ederdi.
Eretna Hân, böyle bir sâhib-i nüfûzu kendisine daha ziyâde rabt ederek inkıyâdını te'yîd için Tuli Bey'in kerîmesini kendi mahdûmu Nâsıreddîn Muhammed Bey'e almışdı. Muhammed Bey zâten Tuli Bey'in hemşîrezâdesi idi. [38] Eretna Hân bu musâheretle hem Tuli Bey'i kendisine rabt hem de Muhammed Bey'in kendisine halef olmasını te'mîn etmiş oldu.⁴⁸¹ Bundan dolayı Tâceddîn İbrâhim Bey'e "Ahi Tayı" denmişdi.
In Modern English
He was the son of Emîr Şeyh İzzeddîn Hasan Bey, one of the children of Hâbil Bey, son of Emîr Bedreddîn İbrâhim Bey, son of Tuli Bey, son of Türkan Şâh, son of Güdül Bey, and brother of Halifet Gâzi, among the emirs of Amasya. His sister Suli Paşa Hatun was the wife of Eretna Bey. He was called "Hâbil Oğlu". He was one of the cousins of the children of Halifet Gâzi.
In an important treatise containing a summary of historical events, which is in the Millet Library and which I saw in the hands of the late Ali Emîrî Bey, who revived this library, it is written "Feth-i Amasya der-dest-i Veled-i Hâbil sene 742"; that is, "the conquest of Amasya at the hand of the son of Hâbil, the year 742". This historical summary shows that Amasya was conquered and rescued in 742 at the hand of Hâbil Oğlu.
That Hâbil Oğlu in 742 was Zeyneddîn Tuli is shown by the waqf deed dated 791 [1389] of his grandson Emîr Kemâleddîn Kâmil bin Tâceddîn İbrahim Ahî Tayı bin the great emir Zeyneddîn Tuli Bey. Kâmil Bey's brother Emîr Celâleddîn Hâbil Bey was one of the notables of Amasya in 798 [1395-96]. The waqf of the "Ahî Tayı Lodge" in Tokat and the "Hâbilzâde line" in Amasya are famous.
Emîr Timurtaş's son Şeyh Hasan Bey was very grieved at the loss of the province of Amasya and had resolved to fight Eretna Bey. But he was not safe from the attacks of his great rival and enemy, Şeyh Hasan-ı Kebîr, governor of Iraq, and of Cihân Timur Khan.
In the end, as is related in detail in "Câmiu'd-Düvel", he sent his brother Melik Eşref Khan against Cihân Timur Khan. Then he sent a great army he had prepared against Eretna Khan, marching Süleyman Khan together with his commander-in-chief Hacı Ya'kûb Şâh. Eretna Khan too met them with all his strength.
But Hacı Ya'kûb Şâh was a patriot of Amasya. He had struggled for years to free his homeland from Mongol influence. Küçük Şeyh Hasan Bey's prevailing over Eretna Khan could revive in Anatolia the cruelty and oppression of the Mongol and Tatar wicked and their tyrannical influence. It is very probable that Hacı Ya'kûb Şâh thought of these and was won over and drawn to their side by the beys of Amasya who were among the notables of Eretna Khan's army.
In short, according to the record of "Câmiu'd-Düvel", the armies of Hacı Ya'kûb Şâh and Süleyman Khan and of Eretna Khan took up positions against each other on the plain called "Egribük" between Sivas and Erzincan. They entered into a bloody battle.
Eretna Khan and the Turkish beys, on Thursday the fourteenth of Jumada al-âkhira 744 [1343], crushed Süleyman Khan and the Mongol herds. Winning a decisive and complete victory, they swept Mongol influence from Anatolia. Şeyh Hasan Bey was left in a very difficult position against him.
In a treatise numbered 1006 in the Ayasofya Library it is written: "Münhezim-şoden-i Süleyman Hân ez-Ertena der-Egirbük rûz-ı hamîs çehârdehüm mâh-ı cumadelâhir sene erba'in ve erba'îne ve seb'i-mi'e der-fasl-ı harîf." Its meaning: "The defeat of Süleyman Khan before Eretna at Egirbük, on Thursday the fourteenth of the month of Jumada al-âkhira of the year 744, in the autumn season." It is recorded with the same date in "Ikdu'l-Cümân", "A'yânu'l-Asr" and "Kitâbü's-Sülûk".
It is seen that all Turkish and Arab historians, carefully recording Eretna Khan's victory, show that this victory was very important for the Turks and Anatolia. For the victory of the Çoban Oğulları would have been a catastrophe for the Anatolian Turks. Hacı Ya'kûb Şâh would be remembered with a curse as the cause of this catastrophe.
Müneccimbaşı says in his "Câmiu'd-Düvel": "Emîr Timurtaş's son Şeyh Hasan-ı Sagîr was very vexed at the rout of his army. In 744, on his return from the battle, he had Hacı Ya'kûb Şâh, whom he believed to have been lax toward the enemy and to have turned a blind eye, executed. His wife İzzet Melik Hatun, one of Hacı Ya'kûb Şâh's relatives, had Şeyh Hasan-ı Sagîr strangled by her concubines while he lay drunk, on the night of Tuesday the twenty-seventh of Rajab of the said year."
Eretna Bey gained great influence and standing from this decisive victory. He had himself called "Sultân Reşîdeddîn Eretna Khan". He appointed Hâce Alâeddîn Ali Şâh, of the Kutlu Begzâde of Amasya, as vizier, and Mevlânâ Şemseddîn Ahmed bin Yûsuf bin Ahmed el-Muhâcirî, known as "Ahmed Yegâne", as kazasker.
In place of Kürt Bey, emir of Kayseri, who sacrificed his life in the battle of Egribük, his son Nûreddîn Kutlu Şâh took his place. For in this battle he had shown the greatest usefulness and sacrifice. Tuli Bey, governor of Amasya, had also worked more than Kutlu Şâh and had been among the factors of the victory.
One of the factors that increased Sultân Eretna Khan's influence and splendor was also the rivalry and rift that entered among the Çoban Oğulları with Küçük Şeyh Hasan's death by strangulation. To increase this rivalry, Sultân Eretna had Bayrâmşâh release Sayurgân and Yagı Bastı Beys, uncles whom Küçük Şeyh Hasan Bey had had imprisoned in the castle of Karahisâr-ı Şarkî (Şebinkarahisar).
Müneccimbaşı Ahmed Efendi says in his "Câmiu'd-Düvel": "On Küçük Şeyh Hasan's death Sultan Süleyman Khan took the head of the army. He was ruler of Azerbaijan and sat in Karabakh. The Emîr Çoban Oğulları Sayurgan and Yagı Bastı Beys, as soon as they were freed from the prison of Karahisâr-ı Şarkî, went to Tabriz. They united with Şeyh Hasan's brother Melik Eşref Khan. They marched toward Karabakh against Süleyman Khan."
As soon as the retinue of Süleyman Khan heard that they were coming, they dispersed from Süleyman Khan's side. Süleyman Khan, left alone, went to Diyarbekir. The Çoban Oğulları took the country Şeyh Hasan had left. Then relations between Melik Eşref Khan and his uncles were broken. After bloody wars Melik Eşref Khan prevailed over his uncles. He killed them and declared his independence in Tabriz. He was called "Eşek Eşref" (Donkey Eşref).
Sultân Eretna Khan, after introducing this discord among the Çobanids, in complete peace and security forced the emirs he saw as obstacles to his independence in Anatolia to attach themselves to him. His influence spread to the provinces of Karahisâr-ı Şarkî, Canik and Erzincan too. He removed Mühezzebeddîn Ulu Bey, emir of Tokat. He gave Tokat to the administration of Zeyneddîn Tuli Bey, emir of Amasya.
Zeyneddîn Tuli Bey, in influence and military strength, was as great an emir as his brother-in-law Sultân Eretna Khan. Living in Amasya himself, he had appointed and sent his son Tâceddîn İbrâhim Bey to Tokat as emir in his own name. He was called "Tuli Sultân" and "Tuli Khan". Nevertheless he was attached to Sultân Eretna Khan.
To bind such a man of influence more closely to himself and to strengthen his allegiance, Eretna Khan had taken Tuli Bey's daughter for his own son Nâsıreddîn Muhammed Bey. Muhammed Bey was in any case the son of Tuli Bey's sister. By this marriage tie Eretna Khan both bound Tuli Bey to himself and ensured that Muhammed Bey would succeed him. For this reason Tâceddîn İbrâhim Bey was called "Ahi Tayı".
Notes and Research
Old Words in the Text
- hulâsa: summary
- risâle: short book, manuscript pamphlet
- hafîd: grandson
- ricâl: notables, notable persons
- zayâ': loss, slipping from one's hands
- ser-asker: commander-in-chief
- mücâhede: struggle
- galebe: superiority, prevailing
- eşirrâ: wicked persons
- nifâk: rift, discord
- mukâbil: face to face
- mahnûkan: by strangulation
- ıtlâk: release
- mahbes: prison
- inkıyâd: submission, attachment
- hemşîrezâde: sister's son
- musâhere: kinship established through marriage
- kazasker: army judge, judge who handled the legal affairs of soldiers
Tuli Bey, Son of Hâbil
Tuli Bey, mentioned in the previous entry as emir of Samsun, appears in this entry as the person who retook Amasya. Hüsameddin bases the identification of Hâbil Oğlu as Tuli on two documents: the record "742" in the treatise in the Millet Library and a waqf deed dated 791. In some sources it is written that Amasya was taken in 1341 from a bey named Doğanşah (Doğancık); the year 742 that Hüsameddin gives, that is, 1341-42, agrees with this date. Tuli's death date, as Hüsameddin states in the later entry, is not known.
Two more family ties are given in the footnotes. Tuli's other daughter was married to Şihâbeddîn Ahmed Şâh, son of Kutlu Şâh, and Ahmed Şâh's grandson was called "the famous Tuli Bey". The nickname "Ahî Tayı" of the son Tâceddîn İbrâhim, sent to Tokat, is tied to Eretna's marriage policy.
Egribük, That Is, the Battle of Karanbük
The place Hüsameddin calls "Egribük" appears under the name "Karanbük" in the encyclopedia entry on the Eretnaoğulları and is again shown between Sivas and Erzincan. In a footnote Hüsameddin states that in Kitâbü's-Sülûk the name is also written "Eksibük" and was later corrected to "Egribük". The two names most probably describe the same place. The year of the battle is 1343 in both sources. The encyclopedia entry writes that Eretna consolidated his rule with this victory, won against the Chobanid Şeyh Hasan and his ally Süleyman Khan. Hüsameddin emphasizes the importance the victory had for the Anatolian Turks.
The End of Küçük Şeyh Hasan
Küçük Şeyh Hasan was Timurtaş's son and was born about 1319. The encyclopedia entry writes that he was killed by his wife in December 1343. This agrees in year with the Müneccimbaşı record Hüsameddin relays, that is, his wife's having him strangled by her concubines in Rajab 744. In another source his wife İzzed Melik appears as the daughter of a certain Hacı Jabaş. Hüsameddin, in a footnote, guesses that she was the daughter of Hacı Ya'kûb Şâh. We could not determine whether Hacı Jabaş and Hacı Ya'kûb Şâh are the same person.
No information on Hacı Ya'kûb Şâh was found in the sources we read. The judgment in the text that he was "a patriot of Amasya" and was won over by the beys of Amasya is Hüsameddin's inference, made with "it is very probable"; it should therefore not be read as proven information. Again according to Hüsameddin's footnote, words fell out of a sentence in this section during printing; the editor states that the meaning will become clear if "Hacı Ya'kûb Şâh" is added at the beginning of the sentence.
The Rivalry Among the Çobanoğulları
Sayurgân (Surgan in the sources) and Yagı Bastı are Küçük Şeyh Hasan's uncles. That after the suppression of Surgan's revolt he was sent to Karahisar in inner Anatolia and imprisoned is written in another source too; this agrees with the imprisonment at Karahisâr-ı Şarkî that Hüsameddin relays. According to the same source Melik Eşref finally became sole ruler. The detail Hüsameddin relays, that the uncles were killed by Melik Eşref, we could not verify in the sources we read.
The Vizier Hâce Ali Şâh
Hâce Alâeddîn Ali Şâh, mentioned in the entry as Eretna's vizier, appears in the encyclopedia entry as the person from whom Eretna's son Mehmed Bey received great help. Mehmed Bey finally entered into struggle with him and in 1358 removed him too. The details of these events are in later entries.
Bibliography
Primary sources
- Abdîzâde Hüseyin Hüsâmeddîn Yasar, Amasya Tarihi, Amasya Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, 2022, vol. 3, p. 405–407. amasya.bel.tr
Academic studies
Other sources